program

Forms

program n (plural programe)^[1]

Etymology

It is borrowed from French programme, the source DEX, NODEX and Wiktionary give.^[2][3][1] MDA2 and the DLR name several models at once, in the manner of Romanian neologisms: besides French they list German Programm, Modern Greek πρόγραμμα (prógramma), Russian программа (programma), Latin programma and Italian programma.^[4][5] Tiktin derives it from the Greek and Latin word, partly through other languages.^[6]

The French word is a learned loan of 1677.^[7] It goes back through Late Latin programma (“written notice”) to Ancient Greek πρόγραμμα (prógramma, “public notice, agenda”), formed on προγράφω (prográphō, “to write beforehand”).^[8][7] In Greek the word first named the agenda of the council or the assembly.^[9]

Earliest recorded meaning

The first record, of 1829, uses the feminine form programa in a report on a royal entry, which took place „după chipul arătat în programa ceremoniei” “in the manner set out in the programme of the ceremony”.^[5][6][4] The word thus first meant the planned order of a ceremony.^[5]

Semantic evolution

In the 1830s the feminine programă was usual: a report of 1833 says that a festivity was held according to “the following programme”.^[5] The neuter program then took over the senses of a performance and the leaflet that announces it.^[5] Costinescu's dictionary of 1870 defines it as a notice posted or handed out to invite people to public events, and a playbill.^[10]

The sense of a written statement of aims, as of a political party, is in Șăineanu's dictionary.^[11] The feminine survives as a separate word, programă, for a school syllabus.^[12] Radio and television brought the sense of a broadcast and its order of items, and computing the sense of a set of coded instructions.^[2][13] Recent press compounds include program-cadru “framework programme”.^[14]

Timeline

• 1829 – programa ceremoniei “the programme of the ceremony”, the first record.^[5][4]
• 1830 – programa prăznuirii “the programme of the celebration”.^[5]
• 1833 – the feminine programă for the order of a festivity.^[5]
• 1870 – program “notice, playbill” in Costinescu's dictionary.^[10]
• 1929 – the senses “notice” and “statement of principles” in Șăineanu.^[11]

Meanings

Noun

1. A plan of activity setting out the stages planned for a given period; the carrying out of work according to such a plan.^[2][12]
2. A written statement of the principles and aims of a political, social or cultural organization: programul partidului “the party manifesto”.^[2][4]
3. A school syllabus, usually called programă.^[2]
4. The order of a radio or television broadcast or of a show, and its parts; the leaflet or booklet that presents them: Am cumpărat un program la intrarea în teatru.^[2][3]
5. A set of coded instructions that a computer runs to solve a problem.^[2][13]

Related words

• programă
• French programme
• Ancient Greek πρόγραμμα (prógramma)

References

1. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 882
3. ^ a b Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2002), Noul dicționar explicativ al limbii române, București: Litera Internațional, p. s.v. program
4. ^ a b c d Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 2, 563
5. ^ a b c d e f g h Academia Română (1965–2010), Dicționarul limbii române (DLR), serie nouă, tom I–XIX, București: Editura Academiei Române, p. s.v. program
6. ^ a b Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. program
7. ^ a b Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert
8. ^ Nocentini, Alberto; Parenti, Alessandro (2010), l'Etimologico: vocabolario della lingua italiana, Firenze: Le Monnier
9. ^ Babiniotis, Georgios (2010), Ετυμολογικό λεξικό της νέας ελληνικής γλώσσας [Etymological Dictionary of Modern Greek], Athens: Κέντρο Λεξικολογίας, p. 1218
10. ^ a b Costinescu, Ion (1870), Vocabularu romano-francesu, 2 vols., Bucuresci, p. 2, 366
11. ^ a b Șăineanu, Lazăr (1929), Dicționar universal al limbei române, 6th ed., Craiova: Scrisul Românesc, p. 517
12. ^ a b Macrea, Dimitrie; Petrovici, Emil (coord.) (1955–1957), Dicționarul limbii romîne literare contemporane, 4 vols., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 3, 594
13. ^ a b Marcu, Florin (2000), Marele dicționar de neologisme, București: Saeculum Vizual, p. s.v. program
14. ^ Dimitrescu, Florica (1997), Dicționar de cuvinte recente, 2nd ed., București: Logos (with the 3rd ed., 2013, in CLRE), p. s.v. program