Etymologically

Etymology and origin of the Romanian word nespus

Confidence
Established
Formation
Derivation
First attested
c. 1500–1520 Psaltirea Hurmuzaki, Psalm 50 More words from the 15th century
Ultimate origin
Romanian ne-,spus

Forms

nespus m or n (feminine singular nespusă, masculine plural nespuși, feminine/neuter plural nespuse)[1]

Etymology

It is formed from Romanian ne- + spus, the negative of the past participle of spune “to say”.[2][3][4][1][5]

Earliest recorded meaning

The first record is in the Psaltirea Hurmuzaki of the early 16th century, at Psalm 50.[6] The DLR's oldest quotation, from a text of about 1550 in Hasdeu's Cuvente den bătrâni, already has the sense “beyond words”: „și dintru ea slavă nespusă fi-va” “and out of it shall come unspeakable glory”.[2][4]

Semantic evolution

In the old religious texts the word qualifies joy, glory and torment that cannot be put into words: Coresi's nespusa și negrăita a lui bucurie “his unspeakable and unutterable joy”, and the Codex Todorescu's chin cumplit și cu dureare nespusă “cruel torment with unspeakable pain”.[2] The New Testament of 1648 has „veseliți sînteți cu bucurie nespusă și slăvită” “you rejoice with joy unspeakable and glorious” (1 Peter 1:8), a verse the Bible of 1688 keeps.[2][7] The chroniclers use it of things too great to describe, Ureche of a man's debauchery, Radu Greceanu of the plunder of an army.[2]

From “unspeakable” it came to mean simply “extraordinary, immense”, and the adverb nespus de became a way of forming the superlative: nespus de mult “very much indeed”.[8][9][3] The literal sense “not yet said” is rare; the Lexicon de la Buda gives both meanings, Latin indictus and inenarrabilis.[10][4]

Timeline

  • early 16th century – in the Psaltirea Hurmuzaki, Psalm 50, the first record.[6]
  • c. 1550 – slavă nespusă “unspeakable glory”, in a text of Hasdeu's Cuvente den bătrâni.[2][4]
  • 16th century – dureare nespusă “unspeakable pain” in the Codex Todorescu.[5][2]
  • 1581 – năpastea ceaia nespusă “that unspeakable misfortune” in a text of Gaster's chrestomathy.[2]
  • 1648 – bucurie nespusă și slăvită in the New Testament.[2]
  • 1660 – the feminine nespusă in a 17th-century Slavonic–Romanian lexicon.[11]
  • 1688 – nespusă and nespuși in the Bucharest Bible.[7]
  • 1825 – nespusu, in the senses “unsaid” and “unspeakable”, in the Lexicon de la Buda.[10]

Meanings

Adjective

  1. unspeakable, indescribable: too great or intense to be put into words: o bucurie nespusă “an unspeakable joy”.[3][4][1]
  2. By extension, extraordinary, immense.[3][8]
  3. (religion) Miraculous, supernatural.[4][2]
  4. (rare) Not yet said, untold.[4][2]

Adverb

  1. Extremely; usually nespus de before an adjective or adverb: nespus de frumos “extremely beautiful”.[8][9]

Usage notes

Tiktin records a separate rare adjective nespus “unsubdued, rebellious”, formed on supus, from Leon Asachi in 1818.[5]

References

  1. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Academia Română (1965–2010), Dicționarul limbii române (DLR), serie nouă, tom I–XIX, București: Editura Academiei Române, p. s.v. nespus
  3. ^ a b c d DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 712
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 2, 145
  5. ^ a b c Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. nespus
  6. ^ a b Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Ungureanu, Mădălina; Moruz, Alexandru et al., roPsalt: Re-evaluating the Sixteenth Century Romanian Psalters (aligned corpus), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. Ps 50:7
  7. ^ a b Biblia, adecă Dumnezeiasca Scriptură a ceii vechi și a ceii noao leage, București, 1688 (ed. 1988, tricentennial edition), p. 1 Pt 1:8
  8. ^ a b c Macrea, Dimitrie; Petrovici, Emil (coord.) (1955–1957), Dicționarul limbii romîne literare contemporane, 4 vols., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 3, 203
  9. ^ a b Scriban, August (1939), Dicționaru limbii românești (etimologii, înțelesuri, exemple, citațiuni, arhaizme, neologizme, provincializme), Iași: Presa Bună, p. 869
  10. ^ a b Lesicon românescu-latinescu-ungurescu-nemțescu quare de mai mulți autori, în cursul a trideci și mai multor ani s-au lucrat (1825), Buda: Typographia Universității (the Lexicon of Buda, ed. Petru Maior et al.), p. 441
  11. ^ Ungureanu, Mădălina; Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Moruz, Alexandru (eds.), eRomLex: The First Romanian Bilingual Dictionaries (17th century), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. s.v. nespusă
Cite this entry

“Nespus.” Etymologically, 12 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/ro/nespus. Accessed 12 Nov. 2026.

Last edited on . ·