Etymology and origin of the Romanian word nespus
- Confidence
- Established
- Formation
- Derivation
- First attested
- c. 1500–1520 Psaltirea Hurmuzaki, Psalm 50 More words from the 15th century
- Ultimate origin
- Romanian ne-,spus
Forms
nespus m or n (feminine singular nespusă, masculine plural nespuși, feminine/neuter plural nespuse)[1]
Etymology
It is formed from Romanian ne- + spus, the negative of the past participle of spune “to say”.[2][3][4][1][5]
Earliest recorded meaning
The first record is in the Psaltirea Hurmuzaki of the early 16th century, at Psalm 50.[6] The DLR's oldest quotation, from a text of about 1550 in Hasdeu's Cuvente den bătrâni, already has the sense “beyond words”: „și dintru ea slavă nespusă fi-va” “and out of it shall come unspeakable glory”.[2][4]
Semantic evolution
In the old religious texts the word qualifies joy, glory and torment that cannot be put into words: Coresi's nespusa și negrăita a lui bucurie “his unspeakable and unutterable joy”, and the Codex Todorescu's chin cumplit și cu dureare nespusă “cruel torment with unspeakable pain”.[2] The New Testament of 1648 has „veseliți sînteți cu bucurie nespusă și slăvită” “you rejoice with joy unspeakable and glorious” (1 Peter 1:8), a verse the Bible of 1688 keeps.[2][7] The chroniclers use it of things too great to describe, Ureche of a man's debauchery, Radu Greceanu of the plunder of an army.[2]
From “unspeakable” it came to mean simply “extraordinary, immense”, and the adverb nespus de became a way of forming the superlative: nespus de mult “very much indeed”.[8][9][3] The literal sense “not yet said” is rare; the Lexicon de la Buda gives both meanings, Latin indictus and inenarrabilis.[10][4]
Timeline
- early 16th century – in the Psaltirea Hurmuzaki, Psalm 50, the first record.[6]
- c. 1550 – slavă nespusă “unspeakable glory”, in a text of Hasdeu's Cuvente den bătrâni.[2][4]
- 16th century – dureare nespusă “unspeakable pain” in the Codex Todorescu.[5][2]
- 1581 – năpastea ceaia nespusă “that unspeakable misfortune” in a text of Gaster's chrestomathy.[2]
- 1648 – bucurie nespusă și slăvită in the New Testament.[2]
- 1660 – the feminine nespusă in a 17th-century Slavonic–Romanian lexicon.[11]
- 1688 – nespusă and nespuși in the Bucharest Bible.[7]
- 1825 – nespusu, in the senses “unsaid” and “unspeakable”, in the Lexicon de la Buda.[10]
Meanings
Adjective
- unspeakable, indescribable: too great or intense to be put into words: o bucurie nespusă “an unspeakable joy”.[3][4][1]
- By extension, extraordinary, immense.[3][8]
- (religion) Miraculous, supernatural.[4][2]
- (rare) Not yet said, untold.[4][2]
Adverb
- Extremely; usually nespus de before an adjective or adverb: nespus de frumos “extremely beautiful”.[8][9]
Related words
- spune
- spus
- negrăit
Usage notes
Tiktin records a separate rare adjective nespus “unsubdued, rebellious”, formed on supus, from Leon Asachi in 1818.[5]
References
- ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Academia Română (1965–2010), Dicționarul limbii române (DLR), serie nouă, tom I–XIX, București: Editura Academiei Române, p. s.v. nespus
- ^ a b c d DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 712
- ^ a b c d e f g Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 2, 145
- ^ a b c Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. nespus
- ^ a b Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Ungureanu, Mădălina; Moruz, Alexandru et al., roPsalt: Re-evaluating the Sixteenth Century Romanian Psalters (aligned corpus), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. Ps 50:7
- ^ a b Biblia, adecă Dumnezeiasca Scriptură a ceii vechi și a ceii noao leage, București, 1688 (ed. 1988, tricentennial edition), p. 1 Pt 1:8
- ^ a b c Macrea, Dimitrie; Petrovici, Emil (coord.) (1955–1957), Dicționarul limbii romîne literare contemporane, 4 vols., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 3, 203
- ^ a b Scriban, August (1939), Dicționaru limbii românești (etimologii, înțelesuri, exemple, citațiuni, arhaizme, neologizme, provincializme), Iași: Presa Bună, p. 869
- ^ a b Lesicon românescu-latinescu-ungurescu-nemțescu quare de mai mulți autori, în cursul a trideci și mai multor ani s-au lucrat (1825), Buda: Typographia Universității (the Lexicon of Buda, ed. Petru Maior et al.), p. 441
- ^ Ungureanu, Mădălina; Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Moruz, Alexandru (eds.), eRomLex: The First Romanian Bilingual Dictionaries (17th century), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. s.v. nespusă
Cite this entry
“Nespus.” Etymologically, 12 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/ro/nespus. Accessed 12 Nov. 2026.
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