nemișcat

Forms

nemișcat m or n (feminine singular nemișcată, masculine plural nemișcați, feminine/neuter plural nemișcate)^[1]

Etymology

It is formed from Romanian ne- + mișcat, the negative prefix with the past participle of mișca “to move”.^{[2][3][4][5][1]}

Earliest recorded meaning

Tiktin dates the first record to 1563, in Coresi's Praxiu.^[5] The Bucharest Bible of 1688 has it in Exodus 13:16.^[6] MDA2 and the DLR start their record with Ion Neculce's chronicle (c. 1743): „La război stă ca un zid nemișcat” “in battle he stands like an unmoving wall”.^[3][4]

Semantic evolution

The adjective has kept the sense “not moving, that cannot be moved”.^[2][4] The Lexicon de la Buda of 1825 glosses it with Latin immotus “unmoved” and also immobilis, firmus, stabilis, and Costinescu's dictionary of 1870 adds the figurative sense “steadfast, constant”.^[7][8] By extension it came to mean “immobilized”, and of a body or face “stiff, frozen, lifeless”.^[2][3] MDA2 also records a figurative sense “firm”.^[3]

Timeline

• 1563 – first record, in Coresi's Praxiu.^[5]
• 1688 – nemișcat in Exodus 13:16 of the Bucharest Bible.^[6]
• c. 1743 – „ca un zid nemișcat” in Ion Neculce's chronicle.^[3][4]
• 1825 – the Lexicon de la Buda glosses it “unmoved; immobile, firm, stable”.^[7]
• 1870 – Costinescu records the figurative sense “steadfast”.^[8]

Meanings

Adjective

1. still, motionless: not moving, or that cannot be moved from its place; neclintit, imobil; by extension, immobilized: Pisica stătea nemișcată în fața găurii.^[2][3][4]
2. Rigid, frozen; without life, inert.^[2][3]
3. (figurative) firm, steadfast.^[3][8]

Related words

• mișca
• mișcare

References

1. ^ a b Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 706
3. ^ a b c d e f g h Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 2, 133
4. ^ a b c d e Academia Română (1965–2010), Dicționarul limbii române (DLR), serie nouă, tom I–XIX, București: Editura Academiei Române, p. s.v. nemișcat
5. ^ a b c Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. nemișcat
6. ^ a b Biblia, adecă Dumnezeiasca Scriptură a ceii vechi și a ceii noao leage, București, 1688 (ed. 1988, tricentennial edition)
7. ^ a b Lesicon românescu-latinescu-ungurescu-nemțescu quare de mai mulți autori, în cursul a trideci și mai multor ani s-au lucrat (1825), Buda: Typographia Universității (the Lexicon of Buda, ed. Petru Maior et al.)
8. ^ a b c Costinescu, Ion (1870), Vocabularu romano-francesu, 2 vols., Bucuresci