mișcare

Forms

mișcare f (plural mișcări)^[1]

Etymology

It is the long infinitive, formed from Romanian mișca (“to move”) + -re.^[1][2][3][4] The verb mișca is of doubtful origin: Ciorănescu derives it from Vulgar Latin *miscicō, a derivative of Latin miscīre (“to stir, mix”), while MDA2 calls it of unknown origin.^[5][4] The sense “political or social movement” follows French mouvement and a Russian model.^[6][7]

Earliest recorded meaning

Tiktin dates the first record to 1642, in the Cazania printed at Govora, with the sense “motion”.^[2] MDA2's first record is a text of before 1773 in Gaster's chrestomathy.^[4] Tiktin finds a figurative sense, “impulse”, in a psalter of 1651.^[2]

Semantic evolution

The word names motion and change of place, the movement of the body and its limbs, and a gesture: DLR quotes a calendar of 1814 on “so many different movements” of the human body.^[3] Klein's dictionary of 1801 glossed it with Latin motio and motus, and the Lexicon of Buda (1825) with Hungarian mozgás and German Bewegung.^[8][9] In 1862 Pontbriant also gave “agitation, revolt” for the movement of the people.^[10] Scriban recorded traffic and circulation, the tempo of music, price movements and a stirring of the heart.^[11] Modern senses include a move in chess, a movement of a symphony and an organised political or social movement.^[12][7]

Timeline

• 1642 – mișcare in the Cazania of Govora, the first record.^[2]
• 1651 – figurative “impulse” in a psalter.^[2]
• before 1773 – in a text of Gaster's chrestomathy.^[4]
• 1801 – Klein's dictionary glosses it with Latin motus.^[8]
• 1814 – the movements of the body in a calendar.^[3]
• 1862 – “revolt” for the movement of the people in Pontbriant.^[10]

Meanings

Noun

1. motion, movement: leaving a state of rest, change of place or position;^[12][4] mișcare seismică “earthquake”.^[12][4]
2. A movement of the body or limbs; a physical exercise; a gesture.^[12][4]
3. A move in chess, backgammon and similar games.^[12][4]
4. (music) tempo; a section of a large composition.^[12][7]
5. Activity, action; bustle, traffic.^[12][13]
6. An organised political, social or cultural movement.^[6][12]
7. A stirring of feeling, an impulse.^[11][2]

Related words

• mișca
• mișcător

Usage notes

Common phrases are Nicio mișcare! “don't move!”, a pune în mișcare “to set in motion”, în doi timpi și trei mișcări “in no time” and a prinde mișcarea “to catch on”.^[12][4]

References

1. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. mișcare
3. ^ a b c Academia Română (1965–2010), Dicționarul limbii române (DLR), serie nouă, tom I–XIX, București: Editura Academiei Române, p. s.v. mișcare
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 2, 27
5. ^ Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. mișca
6. ^ a b Marcu, Florin; Maneca, Constant (1986), Dicționar de neologisme, 3rd ed., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, p. s.v. mișcare
7. ^ a b c Marcu, Florin (2000), Marele dicționar de neologisme, București: Saeculum Vizual, p. s.v. mișcare
8. ^ a b Gáldi, László (ed.) (1944), Samuel Klein: Dictionarium valachico-latinum. Primul dicționar al limbii române, Budapest: Királyi Magyar Pázmány Péter Tudományegyetemi Román Intézet (Klein's dictionary of 1801, with Gáldi's etymological study), p. 399
9. ^ Lesicon românescu-latinescu-ungurescu-nemțescu quare de mai mulți autori, în cursul a trideci și mai multor ani s-au lucrat (1825), Buda: Typographia Universității (the Lexicon of Buda, ed. Petru Maior et al.), p. 395
10. ^ a b Pontbriant, Raoul de (1862), Dictiunaru romano-francesu, Bucuresci: A. Ulrich / Göttingen: Dieterich, p. 442
11. ^ a b Scriban, August (1939), Dicționaru limbii românești (etimologii, înțelesuri, exemple, citațiuni, arhaizme, neologizme, provincializme), Iași: Presa Bună, p. 815
12. ^ a b c d e f g h i DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 660
13. ^ Breban, Vasile (1980), Dicționar al limbii române contemporane de uz curent, București: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, p. 355