Etymology and origin of the Romanian word hal
- Confidence
- Established
- Formation
- Borrowing
- First attested
- 1715 a manuscript chronicle printed in Arhiva românească More words from the 18th century
- Borrowed from
- Ottoman Turkish حال
- Ultimate origin
- Arabic حَال
Forms
hal n (uncountable)[1]
Etymology
It is borrowed from Ottoman Turkish حال (hal, “state, condition”), from Arabic حَال (ḥāl, “state, situation, circumstance”).[2][3][4][1][5] Ciorănescu notes that Turkish lacks the pejorative shade of “bad state” that the word has in every Balkan language that borrowed it.[2][6]
The Balkan counterparts include Aromanian halà, Megleno-Romanian al, Modern Greek χάλι (cháli), Albanian hall, Bulgarian хал (hal) and Serbo-Croatian hal.[2][7][8][9][5] Șăineanu discussed the word among the Turkish elements of Romanian.[10][11]
Earliest recorded meaning
The first record is a manuscript of 1715, printed in Arhiva românească: the vizier asked about “halul cetății”, the state of the fortress, and about the state of the war.[4][10] In these early texts the word was neutral, “state, situation”.[10]
Semantic evolution
In E. Kogălniceanu's chronicle, printed in the Letopisețe, the word means a misfortune, an unlucky turn of events.[10][6] The modern sense, a pitiful or wretched state, is the usual one in Beldiman, Alecsandri, Creangă and later writers.[6][10][4] The phrase într-un hal fără (de) hal means “in the worst possible state”, and the old a nu avea hal să “not to be able to”.[6][12] Pann also used n-are hal of a cheese that was no good at all.[4]
Timeline
- 1715 – halul cetății “the state of the fortress” in a manuscript chronicle.[4][10]
- 1885 – Șăineanu lists it among the Turkish elements of Romanian.[11]
Meanings
Noun
- A bad state, a wretched condition or situation.[3][13]
- În așa hal (că): to such an extent (that). Într-un hal or într-un hal fără (de) hal: in the worst possible state.[3][14]
- (dated) Possibility, in a nu avea hal să “not to be able to”.[3][6]
- (obsolete) A misfortune.[13][2]
Related words
- Aromanian halã
- Ottoman Turkish حال (hal)
Usage notes
The word is mostly used without a plural;[6][13] DA calls the plural haluri unusual.[6][13] Mă vezi în ce hal sunt? asks someone to look at the state they are in.[3]
References
- ^ a b Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. hal
- ^ a b c d e DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 457
- ^ a b c d e Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. hal
- ^ a b Demiraj, Bardhyl (ed.), Digitales philologisch-etymologisches Wörterbuch des Albanischen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
- ^ a b c d e f g Academia Română (1913–1949), Dicționarul limbii române (DA), ed. Sextil Pușcariu, tom I (A–B, C, D–De) and tom II (F–I, J–Lojniță), București: Socec / Universul / Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului; page scans at cflr-scans.solirom.ro, p. s.v. hal
- ^ Papahagi, Tache (1963), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne
- ^ Capidan, Theodor (1935), Meglenoromânii III: Dicționar meglenoromân, București: Academia Română, p. 9
- ^ Ινστιτούτο Νεοελληνικών Σπουδών (Ίδρυμα Μανόλη Τριανταφυλλίδη) (1998), Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής, Thessaloniki: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- ^ a b c d e f Șăineanu, Lazăr (1900), Influența orientală asupra limbei și culturei române, vol. I: Introducerea; vol. II.1: Vorbele populare; vol. II.2: Vorbele istorice, literare, Indice, București: Socec, p. 2, 198
- ^ a b Șăineanu, Lazăr (1885), Elemente turcești în limba română, București (offprint from Revista pentru istorie, archeologie și filologie)
- ^ Academia Republicii Populare Romîne (1958), Dicționarul limbii romîne moderne, București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne
- ^ a b c d Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 1037
- ^ Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2002), Noul dicționar explicativ al limbii române, București: Litera Internațional
Related etymologies
Cite this entry
“Hal.” Etymologically, 12 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/ro/hal. Accessed 12 Nov. 2026.
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