grindină

Forms

grindină f (plural grindini)^[1] Old texts also have grindine and grindene: Coresi's Psalter has „Domnul lepădă grindinea sa ca pânile” “the Lord cast forth his hail like morsels”.^[2][3] The DA notes that grindine was still used in Transylvania.^[2]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin grandō, grandinem (“hail”), continuing the accusative.^{[4][3][5][2][6][1]} It survives south of the Danube: Aromanian grindinã and Megleno-Romanian grindini.^[4][5][7] Its Romance cognates are Italian grandine, Logudorese randine and southern Italian dialect forms.^[8][5][9]

The Latin noun goes back to Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰreh₃d-; de Vaan reconstructs an n-stem noun, with a metathesis in Latin.^[10][1] It is related to Old Church Slavonic градъ (gradŭ, “hail”), град (grad) and Sanskrit ह्रादुनि (hrādúni, “hail”).^[10][1][11] The verb grindina “to hail” may be a derivative or, as Candrea–Densusianu and the DAR hold, the continuation of grandināre.^[4][12]

Earliest recorded meaning

The first record is Coresi's Psalter of 1570, with grindine in Psalm 77, where the Lord strikes their vines with hail, and grindene in Psalm 17.^[13][14] Tiktin's first date is the Psaltirea Scheiană, and MDA2's is Coresi's Psalter of 1577.^[15][3]

Semantic evolution

The meaning “hail” has held since the 16th century; the people also call it piatră “stone”, and in Moldavia piatră is the usual word.^[2][15] The DA notes that the singular means the hailstorm or a hailstone, and the plural several falls of hail or hail fallen in several places.^[2] In the 19th century the word took a figurative sense, a mass of things that rain down on someone: Negruzzi's grindina laudelor “the hail of praise”, Alecsandri's grindină de glonțuri “a hail of bullets”, Odobescu's grindină de citațiuni latine.^[2][16] Used as an adverb it means “thick and fast”.^[6][3]

Timeline

• 1570 – grindine and grindene in Coresi's Psalter, the first record.^[13][14]
• c. 1573–1578 – grindină in the Psaltirea Scheiană.^[15]
• 1620 – grindine in Moxa's chronicle.^[2]
• c. 1660–1670 – grindina in a Slavonic–Romanian lexicon, glossing Slavonic град.^[17]
• 1688 – grindină in the Bucharest Bible.^[18]

Meanings

Noun

1. hail: precipitation made of small pellets of ice; piatră.^[6][3][1]
2. (figurative) Something that comes or falls in great quantity, a barrage: o grindină de întrebări.^[6][3]
3. (figurative, adverbial) In great quantity, one after another: Pietrele cădeau grindină pe acoperiș.^[6][3]

Word family

• grindina

Related words

• Aromanian grindinã
• Latin grandō

Usage notes

The plural is grindine or grindini.^[6][3]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g Academia Română (1913–1949), Dicționarul limbii române (DA), ed. Sextil Pușcariu, tom I (A–B, C, D–De) and tom II (F–I, J–Lojniță), București: Socec / Universul / Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului; page scans at cflr-scans.solirom.ro, p. s.v. grindină
3. ^ a b c d e f g h Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 1024
4. ^ a b c Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. grindină
5. ^ a b c Pușcariu, Sextil (1905), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der rumänischen Sprache I: Lateinisches Element, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. 63
6. ^ a b c d e f DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 451
7. ^ Papahagi, Tache (1963), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 502
8. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 3840a
9. ^ Nocentini, Alberto; Parenti, Alessandro (2010), l'Etimologico: vocabolario della lingua italiana, Firenze: Le Monnier
10. ^ a b de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
11. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
12. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 3841
13. ^ a b Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Ungureanu, Mădălina; Moruz, Alexandru et al., roPsalt: Re-evaluating the Sixteenth Century Romanian Psalters (aligned corpus), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. Ps 77:52
14. ^ a b Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Ungureanu, Mădălina; Moruz, Alexandru et al., roPsalt: Re-evaluating the Sixteenth Century Romanian Psalters (aligned corpus), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. Ps 17:14
15. ^ a b c Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. grindină
16. ^ Șăineanu, Lazăr (1929), Dicționar universal al limbei române, 6th ed., Craiova: Scrisul Românesc, p. 284
17. ^ Ungureanu, Mădălina; Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Moruz, Alexandru (eds.), eRomLex: The First Romanian Bilingual Dictionaries (17th century), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. s.v. grindina
18. ^ Biblia, adecă Dumnezeiasca Scriptură a ceii vechi și a ceii noao leage, București, 1688 (ed. 1988, tricentennial edition), p. Psalms 77:52