grajd

Forms

grajd n (plural grajduri)^[1]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Old Church Slavonic граждь (graždĭ, “stable”), a Slavonic word of the old layer.^[2][3][4][1] The Old Church Slavonic word, recorded in the Codex Suprasliensis for the stable into which a church was turned, also lives on in Bulgarian гражд (gražd).^[5][2][6] It goes back to Proto-Slavic *górdjь (“fence”), whose descendants elsewhere mean “fence” or “dam”: Russian горожа (goróža), Czech hráz and Polish grodza.^[7][8] Scriban and Cihac sent the reader to gard “fence”.^[9][10]

Earliest recorded meaning

Tiktin's first record is the old plural grajdure in a document of 1564, published by Hasdeu.^[11][12] In 1649 Mardarie's Slavonic–Romanian lexicon uses grajd.^[13]

Semantic evolution

The word has kept its meaning, a building for horses and cattle;^[12][11] Neculce writes of leaving “through the gate by the stables”.^[12][11] Folk speech uses it figuratively for a filthy house, Asta-i grajd, nu casă de oameni!, and in Sălaj it means a granary.^[12][4] Moldavia has the form grajdi with the plural grajdiuri, and the old plural was grajdure.^[9][12][14] Romanian formed the diminutives grăjdiuț, grăjduleț and grăjdișor and the noun grăjdar “stable hand”.^[11][2]

Timeline

• 1564 – the plural grajdure in a document.^[11]
• 1649 – grajd in Mardarie's Slavonic–Romanian lexicon.^[13]
• c. 1743 – grajduri “stables” in Neculce's chronicle.^[12][4]
• 1886 – in Barcianu's dictionary, with German Stall.^[15]

Meanings

Noun

1. A stable: a building or room fitted out to house horses, cattle and other large domestic animals.^[3][4]
2. (figurative, colloquial) A very filthy dwelling.^[4][9]
3. (regional) A granary.^[4][12]

Word family

• grăjdar

Related words

• Old Church Slavonic граждь (graždĭ)
• Bulgarian гражд (gražd)

Usage notes

A proverb says armăsarul bun se vinde din grajd “a good stallion sells from the stable”.^[12][14]

References

1. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. grajd
3. ^ a b DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 446
4. ^ a b c d e f Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 1015
5. ^ Kurz, Josef; Hauptová, Zoe (eds.) (1958–1997), Slovník jazyka staroslověnského / Lexicon linguae palaeoslovenicae, 4 vols. + supplements, Praha: Academia; digital ed. gorazd.org
6. ^ Miklosich, Franz (1862–1865), Lexicon palaeoslovenico-graeco-latinum emendatum auctum, Vindobonae: Braumüller
7. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 4, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 178
8. ^ Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), Ètimologičeskij slovar' russkogo jazyka, transl. and suppl. by O. N. Trubačev, 4 vols., Moskva: Progress, p. 1, 443
9. ^ a b c Scriban, August (1939), Dicționaru limbii românești (etimologii, înțelesuri, exemple, citațiuni, arhaizme, neologizme, provincializme), Iași: Presa Bună, p. 571
10. ^ Cihac, A. de (1879), Dictionnaire d'étymologie daco-romane II: Éléments slaves, magyars, turcs, grecs-moderne et albanais, Frankfurt am Main, p. 127
11. ^ a b c d e Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. grajd
12. ^ a b c d e f g h Academia Română (1913–1949), Dicționarul limbii române (DA), ed. Sextil Pușcariu, tom I (A–B, C, D–De) and tom II (F–I, J–Lojniță), București: Socec / Universul / Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului; page scans at cflr-scans.solirom.ro, p. s.v. grajd
13. ^ a b Ungureanu, Mădălina; Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Moruz, Alexandru (eds.), eRomLex: The First Romanian Bilingual Dictionaries (17th century), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. s.v. grajd
14. ^ a b Candrea, I.-A.; Adamescu, Gh. (1926–1931), Dicționarul enciclopedic ilustrat „Cartea Românească”, București: Cartea Românească, p. s.v. grajd
15. ^ Barcianu, Sava Popovici (1886), Dicționar român-germân și germân-român, revised by D. P. Barcianu, part I: român-germân, Sibiu: Institut tipografic, p. 256