fotografie

Forms

fotografie f (plural fotografii)^[1]

Etymology

It is borrowed from French photographie (“photography”), a word of the 19th century.^{[2][3][4][5][1]} The French word was formed in 1832 from photo- and -graphie, literally “writing with light”, from Ancient Greek φῶς (phôs, “light”) and γράφω (gráphō, “to write, draw”).^[6] It was first used in 1834 for the technique of fixing images by the action of light.^[6] Scriban and DN also point to the Greek elements.^[7][8] Inside Romanian it can be analysed as foto- and -grafie.^[1] Ciorănescu derives fotograf, fotografia and fotografic from French as well.^[3]

Earliest recorded meaning

Damé's dictionary of 1893–1895 gives the word, with the plural fotografii, for French photographie.^[9] MDA2's first record is much later, in Bacovia's works of 1944.^[4]

Semantic evolution

The word names both the technique and the picture it produces.^[2][4] Șăineanu's dictionary notes that the technique was long called dagherotipie.^[10] Scriban's entry describes it as discovered in 1829 by Niépce and Daguerre and first called daguerrotipie.^[7] MDA2 lists set phrases for kinds of photographs: fotografie aeriană “aerial photograph”, fotografie în culori “colour photograph” and fotografie panoramică.^[4] The press has formed compounds such as fotografie-document (from 1965) and fotografie-șoc “shock photograph” (2008).^[11]

Timeline

• 1893–1895 – fotografie in Damé's dictionary.^[9]
• 1929 – Șăineanu notes the older name dagherotipie.^[10]
• 1944 – the first record MDA2 cites, in Bacovia.^[4]
• 1965 – fotografie-document in the press.^[11]
• 2008 – fotografie-șoc, the shock pictures on cigarette packets.^[11]

Meanings

Noun

1. A photograph: a positive image of a person, object or landscape fixed on photographic paper: o fotografie veche.^[2][1]
2. Photography: the art and technique of taking pictures.^[2][4][8]
3. (cinema) fotografie de platou: a still taken while a film is shot, for continuity and publicity.^[2][5]

Word family

• fotograf
• fotografia
• fotografic
• foto

Related words

• French photographie

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 409
3. ^ a b Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. fotografie
4. ^ a b c d e f Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 934
5. ^ a b Marcu, Florin (2000), Marele dicționar de neologisme, București: Saeculum Vizual, p. s.v. fotografie
6. ^ a b Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert, p. s.v. photographie
7. ^ a b Scriban, August (1939), Dicționaru limbii românești (etimologii, înțelesuri, exemple, citațiuni, arhaizme, neologizme, provincializme), Iași: Presa Bună, p. 523
8. ^ a b Marcu, Florin; Maneca, Constant (1986), Dicționar de neologisme, 3rd ed., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, p. s.v. fotografie
9. ^ a b Damé, Frédéric (1893–1895), Nouveau dictionnaire roumain-français, 4 vols., Bucarest: Imprimerie de l'État
10. ^ a b Șăineanu, Lazăr (1929), Dicționar universal al limbei române, 6th ed., Craiova: Scrisul Românesc, p. 1, 258
11. ^ a b c Dimitrescu, Florica (1997), Dicționar de cuvinte recente, 2nd ed., București: Logos (with the 3rd ed., 2013, in CLRE), p. s.v. fotografie