factură

Forms

factură f (plural facturi)^[1] The first record of the commercial sense has fatură, modelled on the Italian word: „După adevărata fatură ce vor arăta cătră vameși” “according to the true invoice they will show to the customs officers”.^[2][3]

Etymology

It is borrowed from French facture, the source that DEX, MDA2 and the neologism dictionaries give for both senses of the word.^[4][3][5][1] For the sense “make, structure” DEX, DN and NODEX name Latin factūra (“a making, manufacture”) beside the French word,^[4][6][7] and DEXI adds Italian fattura and German Faktur or Faktura.^[8] Gabinschi counts it among the European words of Latin origin that reached Romanian through French, German and Russian.^[9] The oldest record, ⟨fatură⟩, follows the Italian word.^[2]

The French word is a learned borrowing of the 13th century from the Latin word, which is formed from Latin faciō (“to make”) + -ūra;^[10][11][12] DHLF treats the commercial French word separately, under facteur (“agent”), and Scriban likewise derives the Romanian invoice word from the French agent noun.^[10][11][12] The Latin word was also inherited, as făptură “creature”, a doublet of the borrowed one.^[13][2][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

The first record, before 1786, is a document printed in the Uricariul collection, where fatură is the written list of goods that merchants had to show to the customs officers.^[2][3] Negulici's vocabulary of 1848 defines the word the same way: a merchant's list of the goods sold with their prices, sent to the buyer.^[14]

Semantic evolution

The commercial sense came first and is still the common one: a document listing the goods sold or the work and services provided, with their quantities and prices, and the printed form on which it is drawn up.^[4][3] The second sense, the way a work of art is made, was taken from French later;^[15][3] CADE (1931) illustrates it with Vlahuță, the first writer MDA2 cites for it.^[15][3] Șăineanu and Scriban already give music “of good make” as their example.^[16][12] DLRLC and DEX also apply it to a person's intellectual, psychological or moral make-up.^[17][4]

Timeline

• before 1786 – fatură “invoice”, after the Italian word, in a document printed in the Uricariul.^[2][3]
• 1848 – factură “a merchant's list of goods and prices” in Negulici's vocabulary of new words.^[14]
• 1929 – Șăineanu gives both the invoice and the make of a work of art.^[16]
• 1931 – CADE cites Vlahuță for the make of a literary work.^[15]

Meanings

Noun

1. An invoice: a document recording the goods bought or sold, the work done or the services provided, with quantities and prices; also the printed form on which it is drawn up: Furnizorul a trimis factura pentru luna trecută.^[4][3]
2. Structure, constitution: a person's intellectual, psychological or moral make-up.^[4][3]
3. The texture or specific character of a work of art; the means of expression that make a literary or musical work what it is.^[4][18]

Word family

• factura

Related words

• făptură
• French facture
• Latin factūra

Usage notes

DEX 2009, DLRLC and DN list the word as two headwords, factură¹ “structure, make of a work of art”, from French and Latin, and factură² “invoice”, from French alone;^[4][17][6] both come from French facture, so they are treated here as one word.^[4] The verb factura “to invoice” is recorded in Breban's dictionary.^[19]

References

1. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e Academia Română (1913–1949), Dicționarul limbii române (DA), ed. Sextil Pușcariu, tom I (A–B, C, D–De) and tom II (F–I, J–Lojniță), București: Socec / Universul / Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului; page scans at cflr-scans.solirom.ro, p. s.v. factură
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 872
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 378
5. ^ Marcu, Florin (2000), Marele dicționar de neologisme, București: Saeculum Vizual, p. s.v. factură
6. ^ a b Marcu, Florin; Maneca, Constant (1986), Dicționar de neologisme, 3rd ed., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, p. s.v. factură
7. ^ Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2002), Noul dicționar explicativ al limbii române, București: Litera Internațional, p. s.v. factură
8. ^ Dima, Eugenia (coord.) (2007), Dicționar explicativ ilustrat al limbii române, Chișinău: Arc / Gunivas, p. s.v. factură
9. ^ Gabinschi, Marcu (2001), Dicționar de dublete etimologice ale limbii române, 2nd ed., Chișinău: Litera, p. 103
10. ^ a b Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert, p. s.v. facture
11. ^ a b Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. factūra
12. ^ a b c Scriban, August (1939), Dicționaru limbii românești (etimologii, înțelesuri, exemple, citațiuni, arhaizme, neologizme, provincializme), Iași: Presa Bună, p. 489
13. ^ Graur, Alexandru (1980), Cuvinte înrudite, București: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, p. 42
14. ^ a b Negulici, I. D. (1848), Vocabular romînesc de toate vorbele streine întroduse pînă acum în limba romînească și de toate cuvintele ce s-ar mai putea introduce încă, București, p. s.v. factură
15. ^ a b c Candrea, I.-A.; Adamescu, Gh. (1926–1931), Dicționarul enciclopedic ilustrat „Cartea Românească”, București: Cartea Românească, p. s.v. factură
16. ^ a b Șăineanu, Lazăr (1929), Dicționar universal al limbei române, 6th ed., Craiova: Scrisul Românesc, p. 241
17. ^ a b Macrea, Dimitrie; Petrovici, Emil (coord.) (1955–1957), Dicționarul limbii romîne literare contemporane, 4 vols., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 2, 253
18. ^ Costăchescu, Adriana; Dincă, Daniela; Dragoste, Ramona; Popescu, Mihaela; Scurtu, Gabriela (2009–2010), Dicționar de împrumuturi lexicale din limba franceză (DILF), 2 vols., Craiova: Universitaria, p. 2
19. ^ Breban, Vasile (1980), Dicționar al limbii române contemporane de uz curent, București: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, p. 201