Etymology and origin of the Romanian word fără
- Confidence
- Established
- Formation
- Inherited
- First attested
- 1500–1520 Psaltirea Hurmuzaki More words from the 15th century
- Inherited from
- Latin foras
- Ultimate origin
- Latin forās
Pronunciation
- [ˈfə.rə][1]
Forms
fără (+accusative)[1] The Psaltirea Scheiană also writes făre and fărâ.[2] MDA2 records făr and făre, the regional fănă and the Transylvanian for.[3] In the Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet the word was written фъръ.[1]
Etymology
It is inherited from Latin forās (“out of doors, outside”).[4][3][5][1][6] Ciorănescu suggests that the short variant făr may continue forīs (“outside”).[4] The first is the adverbial accusative plural of an old noun meaning door, the second its locative; both go back to Proto-Indo-European *dʰwer- (“door”).[7][1]
The word survives in all four branches: Aromanian fãrã, Megleno-Romanian făr and Istro-Romanian făr de.[4][8][9] Its Romance cognates include Dalmatian fure, Italian fuora and fuori, Occitan foras, Old French fors (modern French hors), Spanish fuera and Portuguese fora.[4][6] The REW glosses the Romanian word as without, where the Romance words mean outside.[6] The same Latin adverb gave Romanian afară.[4][10]
The compound fărădelege was formed after Old Church Slavonic безакониѥ (bezakonije, “lawlessness”).[4]
Earliest recorded meaning
The Psaltirea Hurmuzaki, of the early 16th century, uses the preposition two dozen times, with the sense “without”.[11] MDA2 gives the Codicele Voronețean (c. 1563–1583) as its first record.[3] The psalters already have compounds such as fără-lege “iniquity”, translating Slavonic bezakonije, and fără-fund “abyss”.[2]
Semantic evolution
Old Romanian used the word much more widely than today.[3] Besides “without” it meant “except, other than” and “besides”, often in fără numai and fără decât “except only”, and as a conjunction “but, rather” after a negation.[3][5] Scriban describes fără cât and fără numai as old and Transylvanian.[10] The adversative sense is still regional: the dialect texts have nu ... fără for “not ... but”, and in Maramureș fără means “only”.[5][12]
With a subjunctive or an infinitive it introduces a negative clause, fără să or fără a “without doing”.[5] In telling the time and in subtraction it means “minus”: zece fără cinci “five to ten”.[5]
Timeline
- early 16th century – fără “without” in the Psaltirea Hurmuzaki.[11]
- c. 1563–1583 – fără in the Codicele Voronețean, MDA2's first record.[3]
- c. 1573–1578 – fără-lege “iniquity” and fără-fund “abyss” in the Psaltirea Scheiană.[2]
- 1649 – fără dozens of times in Mardarie's Slavonic–Romanian lexicon.[13]
- 1688 – more than a thousand occurrences in the Bucharest Bible.[14]
Meanings
Preposition
- without; lacking: un om fără griji “a carefree man”.[5][1]
- In telling the time and in measures, short of: unu fără un sfert “a quarter to one”; in arithmetic, minus.[5][15]
- Without the company or help of: Nu pot pleca fără tine.[5]
Conjunction
- With a subjunctive (fără să) or an infinitive (fără a): without doing something: A plecat fără să salute.[5]
- With a concessive clause: although not.[5]
- (regional) After a negation: but, rather;[5][3] (obsolete) except, other than.[5][3]
Word family
- fărădelege
Related words
Usage notes
Fără is often followed by de in set phrases: fără de lege “lawless”, fără (de) veste “unexpectedly”, fără de vreme “too early”.[10][5]
References
- ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c Candrea, I.-A. (1916), Psaltirea Scheiană comparată cu celelalte psaltiri din sec. XVI și XVII traduse din slavonește, vol. II: Glosarele, București: Socec, p. 290
- ^ a b c d e f g h Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 884
- ^ a b c d e f Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. fără
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 384
- ^ a b c Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 3431
- ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
- ^ Papahagi, Tache (1963), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 452
- ^ Capidan, Theodor (1935), Meglenoromânii III: Dicționar meglenoromân, București: Academia Română, p. 125
- ^ a b c Scriban, August (1939), Dicționaru limbii românești (etimologii, înțelesuri, exemple, citațiuni, arhaizme, neologizme, provincializme), Iași: Presa Bună, p. 497
- ^ a b Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Ungureanu, Mădălina; Moruz, Alexandru et al., roPsalt: Re-evaluating the Sixteenth Century Romanian Psalters (aligned corpus), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. Ps 9:28
- ^ Ștef, Dorin (2021), Dicționar de regionalisme și arhaisme din județul Maramureș, 3rd ed., Baia Mare, p. s.v. fără
- ^ Ungureanu, Mădălina; Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Moruz, Alexandru (eds.), eRomLex: The First Romanian Bilingual Dictionaries (17th century), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. s.v. fără
- ^ Biblia, adecă Dumnezeiasca Scriptură a ceii vechi și a ceii noao leage, București, 1688 (ed. 1988, tricentennial edition), p. Genesis 1:2
- ^ Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2002), Noul dicționar explicativ al limbii române, București: Litera Internațional, p. s.v. fără
Related etymologies
Cite this entry
“Fără.” Etymologically, 11 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/ro/f%C4%83r%C4%83. Accessed 11 Nov. 2026.
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