campanie

Forms

campanie f (plural campanii)^[1]

Etymology

DELR gives several sources: borrowed from Italian campagna, Polish kampania for the forms of the 17th century, French campagne and Russian кампания (kampanija).^[2] DEX and the neologism dictionaries name French and Russian, Tiktin Italian and French, and Wiktionary French alone.^[3][4][5][1] Gabinschi calls it a European loanword of Italian origin, which reached Romanian also through French, German and Russian.^[6]

The Italian word first meant “open, unfortified country, suitable for moving troops”; it continues campānia (“plain, open country”), from campus (“field”).^[2] The French word has the same Late Latin source, and the Russian word came from French through Polish or German.^[7] The same Latin word gave câmp and, through French, șampanie.^[8]

Earliest recorded meaning

The first record is of 1693.^[2][9][5] Tiktin records an obsolete sense, as “army camp” beside “campaign”.^[5]

Semantic evolution

The military sense, all the operations of an army in one theatre of war in a given period, led to set phrases such as pat de campanie “camp bed” and bucătărie de campanie “field kitchen”.^[3][9] From war the word passed to organised public action: CADE has a figurative “fight in politics or the press for an idea or against someone”, and the period of seasonal work, as in campania lucrărilor agricole.^[10] Modern dictionaries list campanie electorală, campanie agricolă and campanie de presă.^[3][9]

Timeline

• 1693 – the first record.^[2][5]
• 1893 – Damé glosses it with French campagne.^[11]
• 1931 – CADE records the political and the seasonal senses.^[10]

Meanings

Noun

1. A military campaign: all the operations of an army in one theatre of war over a given period;^[3][9] de campanie “for use in the field”, pat de campanie “camp bed”.^[3][9]
2. An organised action carried out to a plan over a set period for political, social or economic ends; the time it lasts: campanie electorală “election campaign”, campanie de presă “press campaign”.^[3][12]

Related words

• câmp
• câmpie
• campion
• șampanie

References

1. ^ a b Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2011–), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române (DELR), vol. I: A–B (2011), vol. II: C (2015–2018), București: Editura Academiei Române; continued online at delr.lingv.ro, p. s.v. campanie
3. ^ a b c d e f DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 137
4. ^ Marcu, Florin; Maneca, Constant (1986), Dicționar de neologisme, 3rd ed., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, p. s.v. campanie
5. ^ a b c d Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. campanie
6. ^ Gabinschi, Marcu (2001), Dicționar de dublete etimologice ale limbii române, 2nd ed., Chișinău: Litera, p. 167
7. ^ Georgiev, Vladimir I. et al. (eds.) (1971–), Bălgarski etimologičen rečnik, Sofija: Izdatelstvo na Bălgarskata akademija na naukite, p. 2, 193
8. ^ Graur, Alexandru (1980), Cuvinte înrudite, București: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, p. 26
9. ^ a b c d e Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 283
10. ^ a b Candrea, I.-A.; Adamescu, Gh. (1926–1931), Dicționarul enciclopedic ilustrat „Cartea Românească”, București: Cartea Românească, p. s.v. campanie
11. ^ Damé, Frédéric (1893–1895), Nouveau dictionnaire roumain-français, 4 vols., Bucarest: Imprimerie de l'État, p. s.v. campanie
12. ^ Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2002), Noul dicționar explicativ al limbii române, București: Litera Internațional, p. s.v. campanie