Etymologically

Etymology and origin of the Romanian word câștig

Confidence
Established
Formation
Back-formation
First attested
1564 Coresi's first Cazania More words from the 16th century
Ultimate origin
Latin castīgō
Etymology tree
inherited borrowed derived
Latin castus
Latin castīgō
Romanian câștiga
Romanian câștig
From the same root
English chaste ← castus
Latin caste ← castus
Latin castīmōnia ← castus
Latin castitās ← castus
Latin incestus ← castus
Latin castīgātiō ← castīgō
Latin castīgātor ← castīgō

Pronunciation

  • [kɨˈʃtiɡ][1]

Forms

câștig n (plural câștiguri)[1] Moldavia has the variant câșlig: „Căruia-i dă câșlig, îi dă și nebunie” “to whom he gives gain he also gives folly”, quoted in the DA from Convorbiri literare.[2][3]

Etymology

It is a back-formation from Romanian câștiga (“to gain, to earn”), the noun made from the verb.[4][5][6][3][1] The verb is inherited from Latin castīgō (“to reprove, to punish; to correct”), as Ciorănescu, DELR and Pușcariu state.[7][4][8] Its Romance cognates kept the Latin sense of punishing: Italian castigare, French châtier, Spanish castigar.[8][7] DELR traces the Romanian sense through “to bring up” and “to take care of” to “to obtain”, and Ciorănescu compares the Old Sardinian form castigare (“to keep”).[4][7] The noun câștigă “care” is another back-formation from the verb, matched by Aromanian cãshtigã (“care, worry”).[4][7][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

Tiktin dates the word to 1564, in Coresi's first Cazania;[3][5][4] MDA2's first record is the Psaltirea Scheiană (c. 1573–1578) and DELR's is of 1581.[3][5][4] In the psalter it means “toil, labour”: „Și câștigul oamenilor luară” “and they took the labour of the peoples”, where the other psalters have muncile or ostenealele “labours” for Slavonic trudъ.[2]

Semantic evolution

The old senses, kept in Transylvania and the Banat, follow the verb's sense of taking care: toil, effort and care, and the phrase a da vitele în câștig “to give the cattle into someone's keeping”.[5][2] The usual sense, what one earns or gains, as opposed to pagubă “loss”, is found from the late 17th century in Greceanu (1691) and the Penticostar of 1694.[2] It came to cover profit from business and winnings at games of chance or the lottery.[9][10] Phrases are a fi în câștig “to have the advantage” and a avea câștig de cauză “to win the argument or the case”.[6][11]

Timeline

  • 1564 – câștig in Coresi's first Cazania.[3]
  • c. 1573-1578 – „câștigul oamenilor” “the labour of the peoples” in the Psaltirea Scheiană.[5][2]
  • 1581 – DELR's first record.[4]
  • 1589 – câștigul in Coresi's psalter of 1589.[12]
  • 1649 – câștigător “winner”, and the plural câștiguri for Slavonic прибытки “profits” in Mardarie's lexicon.[4][13]
  • c. 1650 – câștigos “diligent, skilful”, formed on the noun.[4]
  • 1691 – the sense “gain, profit” in Greceanu.[2]

Meanings

Noun

  1. gain, earnings; what one earns or wins: câștigul de la loterie “the lottery winnings”.[6][5][1]
  2. profit, advantage: a fi în câștig “to be at an advantage”;[5][11] a avea câștig de cauză “to win one's case, to prevail”.[5][11]
  3. (regional, obsolete) Toil, labour; care: a da vitele în câștig “to give the cattle into someone's care” (Transylvania).[5][2]

Word family

  • câștigos

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Academia Română (1913–1949), Dicționarul limbii române (DA), ed. Sextil Pușcariu, tom I (A–B, C, D–De) and tom II (F–I, J–Lojniță), București: Socec / Universul / Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului; page scans at cflr-scans.solirom.ro, p. s.v. câștig
  3. ^ a b c d e Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. câștig
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2011–), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române (DELR), vol. I: A–B (2011), vol. II: C (2015–2018), București: Editura Academiei Române; continued online at delr.lingv.ro, p. s.v. câștiga
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 347
  6. ^ a b c DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 1, 165
  7. ^ a b c d Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. cîștiga
  8. ^ a b Pușcariu, Sextil (1905), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der rumänischen Sprache I: Lateinisches Element, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. 32
  9. ^ Academia Republicii Populare Romîne (1958), Dicționarul limbii romîne moderne, București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. s.v. cîștig
  10. ^ Scriban, August (1939), Dicționaru limbii românești (etimologii, înțelesuri, exemple, citațiuni, arhaizme, neologizme, provincializme), Iași: Presa Bună, p. 1, 298
  11. ^ a b c Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2002), Noul dicționar explicativ al limbii române, București: Litera Internațional, p. s.v. câștig
  12. ^ Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Ungureanu, Mădălina; Moruz, Alexandru et al., roPsalt: Re-evaluating the Sixteenth Century Romanian Psalters (aligned corpus), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. Ps 104:43
  13. ^ Ungureanu, Mădălina; Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Moruz, Alexandru (eds.), eRomLex: The First Romanian Bilingual Dictionaries (17th century), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. s.v. câștig
Cite this entry

“Câștig.” Etymologically, 12 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/ro/c%C3%A2%C8%99tig. Accessed 12 Nov. 2026.

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