adumbri

Forms

adumbri (third-person singular present adumbrește, past participle adumbrit) 4th conjugation^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin adumbrō (“to shade, overshadow”), with a change of conjugation.^{[2][3][4][5][1]} The DA assumes an older first-conjugation verb ⟨*adumbra⟩, which moved to the fourth conjugation under the influence of umbri.^[6] DEX 2009 also gives the Latin verb, reshaped after that one.^[7] Ciorănescu thinks the change of conjugation is fairly recent, and DELR records an old variant ⟨adumbra⟩.^[2][3] The Latin verb is formed on umbra (“shade”).^[2]

The verb survives south of the Danube: Aromanian aumbredz (“to give shade”).^[2][8][9] Its Romance cognates are Italian adombrare, Old Occitan azombrar, Old French aombrer and Spanish asombrar.^[2][5]

Earliest recorded meaning

DELR dates the first record to 1567–1568, in Coresi's Tâlcul evangheliilor and Molitvenic, with the sense “to give shade”.^[3]

Semantic evolution

The verb meant “to give or keep shade”, and reflexively “to sit or take shelter in the shade”: in Ispirescu a tree is described under which someone „se adumbrise” “had sat in the shade”.^[3][6] From there come the figurative senses “to protect”, “to overshadow” and, reflexively, “to grow sad”.^[4][6] The Lexicon de la Buda of 1825 glossed it with Latin adumbro and German “to overshadow”.^[6] Șăineanu also gave the senses “to shade a drawing” and “to sketch”, those of the Latin verb.^[10] The word is rare: umbri is the usual verb.^[3][7]

Timeline

• 1567–1568 – the first record, in Coresi.^[3]
• 1825 – glossed in the Lexicon de la Buda.^[6]
• 1872 – adumbritor “giving shade” and adumbritură in Baronzi.^[3]
• 1907 – adumbrit, the verbal noun, in the DA.^[3]

Meanings

Verb

1. (transitive) To give or keep shade over something, to shade.^[7][4][1]
2. (reflexive) To sit or take shelter in the shade.^[7][4]
3. (figurative, transitive) To put in the shade, to overshadow.^[4]
4. (figurative, reflexive) To become sad.^[4]
5. (rare, figurative) To protect.^[4][6]

Word family

• adumbrit
• adumbritor

Related words

• umbră
• umbri
• Aromanian aumbredz

References

1. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. adumbri
3. ^ a b c d e f g h Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2011–), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române (DELR), vol. I: A–B (2011), vol. II: C (2015–2018), București: Editura Academiei Române; continued online at delr.lingv.ro, p. s.v. adumbri
4. ^ a b c d e f g Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 19
5. ^ a b Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 208
6. ^ a b c d e f Academia Română (1913–1949), Dicționarul limbii române (DA), ed. Sextil Pușcariu, tom I (A–B, C, D–De) and tom II (F–I, J–Lojniță), București: Socec / Universul / Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului; page scans at cflr-scans.solirom.ro, p. s.v. adumbri
7. ^ a b c d DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 15
8. ^ Papahagi, Tache (1963), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 178
9. ^ Pascu, Giorge (1925), Dictionnaire étymologique macédoroumain, 2 vols. (I: Les éléments latins et romans; II: Les éléments grecs, turcs, slaves, albanais, germaniques, magyars, néologismes, créations immédiates, obscurs), Iași: Cultura Națională, p. 1, 47
10. ^ Șăineanu, Lazăr (1929), Dicționar universal al limbei române, 6th ed., Craiova: Scrisul Românesc, p. 1, 9