estabelecer

Forms

estabelecer (first-person singular present estabeleço, first-person singular preterite estabeleci, past participle estabelecido)^[1] The 13th century has estabelecer and stabelecer; the Cantigas de Santa Maria also have estabelicer and establecer.^[2][3] Feijó (1734) warns against the spelling estabalecer.^[4]

Etymology

It is inherited from Vulgar Latin *stabiliscō, written Old Galician-Portuguese estabelecer and Old Galician-Portuguese stabelecer in the oldest texts: an inchoative of stabiliō (“to make firm, establish”).^[2][5][6] Wiktionary writes the Vulgar Latin verb *stabilēscō.^[1] The Latin verb is formed from stabilis (“firm, stable”), itself from stō (“to stand”).^[1][7]

The Vulgar Latin inchoative is also Spanish establecer, while Spanish establir of Old Spanish, Catalan establir, French établir and Italian stabilire continue the Latin verb itself.^[8][9][10]

Earliest recorded meaning

Houaiss dates the verb to the 13th century.^[2] The Cantigas de Santa Maria use the participle: o dia da Encarnaçon, que é stabeliçudo “the day of the Incarnation, which is appointed”, and a bell rung segund'estableçud'era polos seus santos doctores “as had been laid down by its holy doctors”.^[3]

Semantic evolution

The medieval senses “to appoint, ordain” lasted: Pereira (1697) renders the verb by Latin stabilio, firmo and sancio, and Bluteau defines it as “to make firm and stable” and “to lay down a law”.^[11][12] Morais (1813) adds “to found, institute” (academies, schools) and “to order”, quoting the royal ordinances.^[13]

Later senses are to set up a business, to settle somewhere, and to establish a fact by proof.^[2][14] Priberam also lists “to provide with a living” and “to marry off”.^[14]

Timeline

• 1200s – first records, estabelecer and stabelecer; the participle in the Cantigas de Santa Maria.^[2][3]
• 1697 – Pereira renders it by Latin stabilio.^[11]
• 1734 – Feijó corrects estabalecer.^[4]
• 1813 – Morais adds “to found, institute”.^[13]
• 1813 – first record of restabelecer.^[15]

Meanings

Verb

1. To put into force; to create, institute: estabelecer regras.^[2][16][1]
2. To make or become stable and regular;^[2] (reflexive) to take shape.^[2]
3. To begin, open (relations, contact).^[2][17]
4. To order, prescribe, decree: A lei estabelece um prazo.^[2][14]
5. To found, open (a business); (reflexive) to set up in business.^[2][14]
6. To install, set up (premises, lines).^[2]
7. (reflexive) To settle, take up residence.^[2][14]
8. To determine, show with precision (a cause, a fact).^[2][6]
9. To fix (a date, a time limit).^[2]
10. To provide (someone) with a living.^[2][14]

Word family

• estabelecimento
• restabelecer
• substabelecer

Related words

• estável
• estabilidade
• estabilizar
• Latin stabiliō
• Spanish establecer

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. estabelecer
3. ^ a b c Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. estabelecer
4. ^ a b Feijó, João de Morais Madureira (1734), Orthographia, ou Arte de escrever, e pronunciar com acerto a lingua portugueza, Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. estabelecer
5. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. estabelecer
6. ^ a b Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. estabelecer
7. ^ Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert, p. s.v. établir
8. ^ García de Diego, Vicente (1985), Diccionario etimológico español e hispánico, 2nd ed., Madrid: Espasa-Calpe (1st ed. 1954), p. s.v. *stabiliscere
9. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 8206
10. ^ Real Academia Española; Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (2014–), Diccionario de la lengua española, 23rd ed., online version 23.8, https://dle.rae.es, p. s.v. establecer
11. ^ a b Pereira, Bento (1697), Thesouro da lingoa portuguesa, in the 1697 edition of his Prosodia (1st ed. 1647; CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. estabelecer
12. ^ Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. estabelecer
13. ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1813), Diccionario da lingua portugueza, 2nd ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Typographia Lacerdina, p. 1, 768
14. ^ a b c d e f Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. estabelecer
15. ^ Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. estabelecer
16. ^ Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. estabelecer
17. ^ Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. estabelecer