barbado

Forms

barbado (feminine barbada, masculine plural barbados, feminine plural barbadas)^[1] The medieval spelling was barvado, with ⟨v⟩ for the second /b/.^[2][3]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin barbātus (“bearded”), written Old Galician-Portuguese barvado in the 13th century.^[2][4][1] The Latin adjective is formed from barba (“beard”) with the suffix -ātus.^[5] Machado and Aurélio instead derive the word from the Portuguese noun for “beard”, and Aurélio and Morais treat it as the past participle of barbar.^[6][7][8]

The same Latin word is Galician barbado, Spanish barbado, Catalan barbat, Italian barbato and Romanian bărbat (“man; husband”).^[9][10] The REW explains the Romanian sense “man” from “bearded”, since a beard was taken as the mark of full manhood.^[9]

Earliest recorded meaning

The oldest record is in a satirical cantiga of Pero Garcia Burgalês, which mocks a man who had un filho barvado / de barragãa “a grown, bearded son by a concubine”: there the word already means both “bearded” and “adult”.^[11][3][12] Houaiss dates the word to the 13th century from Cunha's medieval index.^[2] Cunha's own dictionary gives the 15th century.^[2][4]

Semantic evolution

Cardoso's dictionary of 1569 renders barbado with Latin puber, the youth whose beard has begun to grow.^[13] In the 16th century André de Avelar's Corografia uses the farming phrase pôr de barbado “to plant with roots”, of cork oaks set out in January.^[6] Bluteau quotes the same line, which also lies behind the noun for a rooted vine cutting ready for planting.^[6][14][15] Vieira (1871) records homem barbado for a man of full age and responsibility, and the old cometa barbado, a comet with a tail.^[16]

In Brazil the noun came to mean a grown man, especially as opposed to boys and women, and it names animals and plants with beard-like hair: the howler monkey (bugio), a South American catfish, and wheat with long awns.^[2][17][18] Houaiss and Aurélio also record barbados as an old name for several Indigenous peoples of Brazil whose body hair was thought distinctive, among them a people of the Mearim river in Maranhão.^[2][7]

Timeline

• 13th century – barvado in a cantiga of Pero Garcia Burgalês.^[11][3]
• 16th century – André de Avelar writes se põem de barbado of cork oaks planted with their roots.^[6]
• 1569 – Cardoso glosses barbado with Latin puber.^[13]
• 1712–1728 – Bluteau defines it as “one who has a beard” and adds the farming term pôr de barbado.^[14]
• 1789 – Morais enters barbado as the past participle of barbar, with pôr barbado.^[8]
• 1871 – Vieira lists homem barbado and cometa barbado.^[16]

Meanings

Adjective

1. bearded, having a beard: um velho barbado.^[2][1]
2. Unshaven, with a beard grown out for lack of shaving.^[2][17]
3. (agriculture) Of wheat: having long awns.^[18][19]

Noun

1. A bearded man.^[2][7]
2. (informal) A grown man, an adult, as opposed to a boy: Já é um barbado e ainda pede dinheiro à mãe.^[2][17]
3. (agriculture) A young vine cutting with roots, ready for planting.^[15][20]
4. (Brazil) The howler monkey, bugio.^[17][18]
5. (Brazil) A freshwater catfish of the Amazon and Paraguay basins (Pinirampus pirinampu).^[7][18]
6. (ethnology, obsolete) A name given to members of Indigenous groups of Brazil considered notably hairy.^[2][7]

Related words

• barba
• barbudo
• Latin barbātus
• Spanish barbado

Usage notes

Houaiss enters separately a nautical noun barbado, formed from barba and -ado, for a timber fitted on each side of a square stern to cover the ends of its planks.^[2]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. barbado
3. ^ a b c Lopes, Graça Videira; Ferreira, Manuel Pedro et al. (2011–), Cantigas Medievais Galego-Portuguesas [online database], Lisboa: Instituto de Estudos Medievais, FCSH/NOVA, https://cantigas.fcsh.unl.pt, p. s.v. barvado
4. ^ a b Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. barbado
5. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. barbātus
6. ^ a b c d Machado, José Pedro (1987), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., 5 vols., Lisboa: Livros Horizonte, p. s.v. barbado
7. ^ a b c d e Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. barbado
8. ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1789), Diccionario da lingua portugueza composto pelo padre D. Rafael Bluteau, reformado, e accrescentado, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 1, 166
9. ^ a b Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 946
10. ^ García de Diego, Vicente (1985), Diccionario etimológico español e hispánico, 2nd ed., Madrid: Espasa-Calpe (1st ed. 1954), p. s.v. barbatus
11. ^ a b Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. barvado
12. ^ Universo Cantigas: Glosario da poesía medieval profana galego-portuguesa, A Coruña: Instituto da Lingua e Literatura (ILLA), Universidade da Coruña, https://www.universocantigas.gal, p. s.v. barvado
13. ^ a b Cardoso, Jerónimo (1569–1570), Dictionarium ex lusitanico in latinum sermonem, Lisboa: João Álvares (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. barbado
14. ^ a b Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. barbado
15. ^ a b Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. barbado
16. ^ a b Vieira, Frei Domingos (1871–1874), Grande Diccionario Portuguez ou Thesouro da lingua portugueza, 5 vols., Porto: Ernesto Chardron e Bartholomeu H. de Moraes, p. 1, 724
17. ^ a b c d Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. barbado
18. ^ a b c d Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. barbado
19. ^ Instituto da Lingua Galega, Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (TLPGP), Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/tesouro, p. s.v. barbado
20. ^ Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. barbado