bêbado

Forms

bêbado (feminine bêbada, masculine plural bêbados, feminine plural bêbadas)^[1] Old Galician-Portuguese wrote bevedo and bebedo in the 13th century and bevodo in the 14th;^[2][3][4] bêbado, bevado and bêvedo appear in the 15th.^[2][3][4] Bêbedo is the older form, still used beside bêbado.^[4][5] Feijó (1734) gives bêbedo as the correct form, against bebado.^[6] Wiktionary also lists beudo and bebo.^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Late Latin bibitus (“drunk; given to drinking”), the past participle of bibō (“to drink”), written Old Galician-Portuguese bevedo in the 13th century.^[4][3][1] Houaiss and the original Caldas Aulete explain this form as a variant of bêbedo by dissimilation.^[4] Houaiss dates it to the 15th century.^[4][7][5]

The same Latin word is Galician bébedo, Spanish beodo and Romanian beat.^[1][8][9] The medieval forms Old Spanish bebdo and beudo are recorded too.^[9]

De Vaan reconstructs a reduplicated present Proto-Indo-European *pi-ph₃-e/o- (“to drink”) for the Latin verb, through Proto-Italic *pibō.^[10][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

In Cantiga de Santa Maria 47 a monk beved’estava muit’ “was very drunk” but wanted to go straight to the church.^[2] The Miragres de Santiago speak of aqueles que son bebedos et fornigadores “those who are drunkards and fornicators”, and the chronicle of 1344 calls a man muy luxurioso e bevodo “very lustful and drunken”.^[2]

Semantic evolution

Machado quotes a 15th-century Diário on a Moor “who was a great drunkard” (hũu grande bêbado), and another text of that century has os bevados with their bevedice “drunkenness”.^[3] Morais (1813) adds figurative uses, drunk with love or with joy.^[11] Vieira notes that bêbado was a common insult, little milder than ladrão “thief”.^[12]

Modern Portuguese also uses it for a person dazed by sleep or emotion (bêbado de sono), and in Brazilian fishing for a fish that floats to the surface poisoned with tingui.^[4][5][1] Wiktionary records borrowings of the Portuguese word into Konkani and Marathi, from Marathi into Gujarati and Hindi, and into Sinhalese.^[1]

Timeline

• 13th century – beved’ in the Cantigas de Santa Maria.^[2][4]
• 1344 – bevodo in a chronicle.^[2]
• 15th century – bêbado in a Diário.^[3][7]
• 1642 – bebado in a private letter.^[13]
• 1734 – Feijó prefers bêbedo to bebado.^[6]
• 1813 – Morais heads the word bêbado.^[11]

Meanings

Adjective

1. drunk, under the influence of alcohol.^[4][5][1]
2. Habitually drunk, given to drink.^[4][5]
3. (figurative) Dazed, as if drunk, from happiness, emotion or sleep: bêbado de sono.^[4][5][1]
4. (Brazil, fishing) Of a fish: floating to the surface, poisoned by tingui or a similar plant.^[4]

Noun

1. A drunk person.^[5][1]
2. A drunkard, one who often gets drunk.^[1][11]

Word family

• bebedice

Related words

• bêbedo
• beber
• Galician bébedo
• Spanish beodo

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. bevedo
3. ^ a b c d e Machado, José Pedro (1987), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., 5 vols., Lisboa: Livros Horizonte, p. s.v. bêbado
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. bêbedo
5. ^ a b c d e f g Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. bêbado
6. ^ a b Feijó, João de Morais Madureira (1734), Orthographia, ou Arte de escrever, e pronunciar com acerto a lingua portugueza, Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. bêbedo
7. ^ a b Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. bêbado
8. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 1080
9. ^ a b García de Diego, Vicente (1985), Diccionario etimológico español e hispánico, 2nd ed., Madrid: Espasa-Calpe (1st ed. 1954), p. s.v. bibitus
10. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. bibō
11. ^ a b c Silva, António de Morais (1813), Diccionario da lingua portugueza, 2nd ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Typographia Lacerdina, p. 1, 272
12. ^ Vieira, Frei Domingos (1871–1874), Grande Diccionario Portuguez ou Thesouro da lingua portugueza, 5 vols., Porto: Ernesto Chardron e Bartholomeu H. de Moraes, p. 1, 746
13. ^ CLUL (ed.) (2014), P.S. Post Scriptum: Arquivo Digital de Escrita Quotidiana em Portugal e Espanha na Época Moderna, Lisboa: Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, http://ps.clul.ul.pt, p. s.v. bêbado