Latin words first recorded in the 3rd century BC

De Vaan derives it from ⟨*ambi-kaid-sli-⟩, a compound from Latin ambi- (“around”) + caedō (“to cut”), with the root of the verb, and the OLD gives the same analysis. The root goes back to…

It is a compound from Latin ante (“before”) + hāc (“by this way”), from hic (“this”). The old form ⟨antidhāc⟩ has the same ⟨antid-⟩ as ⟨antideā⟩ for anteā.

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek Ἀπόλλων (Apóllōn). Beekes finds no Indo-European etymology for the Greek name and takes it to be Pre-Greek, pointing to the variants Doric Ἀπέλλων (Apéllōn) and…

It is from Latin apiō (“to fasten”) or from apīscor (“to reach, obtain”), its past participle. De Vaan sees no reason to keep them apart: both go back to Proto-Italic *ap-(e)i- (“to get, seize”) and…

It is probably from Latin aquilus (“dark-coloured”), so that the eagle was named “the dark bird”. De Vaan rejects Cohen's derivation from a compound of ⟨*aku-⟩ “swift” and ⟨*(a)wi-⟩ “bird”, modelled…

It is from Latin arbiter (“witness, judge”).

It is from Latin arbustus (“planted with trees”), its neuter, used as a noun. Lewis and Short take it as standing for ⟨*arbosētum⟩, from arbor (“tree”) in its old form ⟨arbōs⟩, as virgultum…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *ark-eje/o- (“to contain, keep out”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₂(o)rḱ-eye/o- (“to hold”), a causative, and Wiktionary gives the root as ⟨*h₂erk-⟩ “to…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *arkuos (“bow”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erkʷos (“bow, arrow”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌰𐍂𐌷𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 (arhazna, “arrow”) and Old English earh (“arrow”), whence English…

It is from Latin ārdeō (“to burn”), its present participle, used as an adjective. De Vaan derives the verb from āridus (“dry”), from āreō (“to be dry”), which goes back to Proto-Italic *ās-ē- (“to…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *arþwo-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rdʰ-wo- (“high, upright”). Cognate with Old Irish ard (“high”), Welsh ardd (“high”), Sanskrit ऊर्ध्व (ūrdhvá…

It is a frequentative from Latin aspiciō (“to look at”) + -tō.

It is from Latin aspiciō (“to look at”) + -tus, the suffix of action nouns, and is also spelled ⟨adspectus⟩. Accius has an old genitive ⟨aspectī⟩.

The origin is uncertain. De Vaan tentatively reconstructs Proto-Italic *aspi-ro-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂esp-i- (“cutting”), comparing Cuneiform Luwian hašp- (“to cut down”) and Ancient Greek…

1. The verb is from Latin ad- + spargō (“to scatter, strew”). De Vaan traces ⟨spargō⟩ to Proto-Italic *sparg- and Proto-Indo-European *sp(e)r-g- (“to strew”), cognate with Hittite išpār- (“to spread…

It is from Latin ad- (“to”) + sistō (“to stand, set”). Its perfect ⟨astitī⟩ cannot be told apart from that of astō.

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀστρολόγος (astrológos, “astronomer, astrologer”). Köbler connects the Greek word with ἄστρον (ástron, “star, constellation”). Isidore of Seville says astrologers…

It is from Latin augur (“augur”) + -ium. Accius has a plural ⟨augura⟩.

It is from Latin augur (“augur, seer”) + -ō. De Vaan derives augur from Old Latin *augos “reinforcement, confirmation”, an s-stem of the root of augeō “to increase”, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eug-…

It is a derivative from Latin augeō (“to increase”), built with *-to- on an s-stem noun *aug-os “increase”, also seen in augur. Wiktionary gives Proto-Italic *augostos (“amplified, increased”). The…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek αὔρα (aúra, “breeze, breath of air”). The TLL says it is first found in Ennius.

It is from Latin aurō (“to gild”), its participle, as the OLD and Priscian take it, or formed directly from aurum (“gold”) with the suffix -ātus, since finite forms of the verb are rare. De Vaan…

Its origin is unknown, the OLD calling it doubtful and the TLL uncertain. Wiktionary reports a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ewǵ- (“cold”) and a borrowing from Etruscan, comparing Etruscan…

It is related to augeō “to increase”. Ernout and Meillet, followed by de Vaan, take it as a back-formation from ⟨auxilia⟩, the neuter plural of an adjective ⟨*auxilis⟩, from Proto-Italic…

It is probably a word from a non-Indo-European substrate. De Vaan reconstructs it as inherited from Proto-Italic *aweksnā-. Cognate with Old Prussian wyse (“oats”), Lithuanian avižà (“oats”)…

It is from Latin avidus (“eager, greedy”) + -ē, the adverb suffix. ⟨Avidus⟩ is from aveō “to desire”, which de Vaan traces to Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew-eh₁- (“to enjoy, consume”).

It is from Latin aveō (“to long for”) + -idus. Aveō goes back to Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew- (“to favour, desire”).

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek Βάκχος (Bákkhos). Köbler, after Frisk, calls the Greek name a foreign word of unknown origin. Poets never scan the first syllable short, and manuscripts often write…

It is a compound from Latin bellum (“war”) + potēns (“powerful”). De Vaan notes that ⟨bellum⟩ continues Old Latin duellum, disyllabic in Plautus.

The etymology is uncertain; de Vaan compares bēlua “beast”. A preform Proto-Indo-European *dʰwēstiā from the root Proto-Indo-European *dʰwes- (“to breathe”) has been proposed, but it is doubtful…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek βόμβος (bómbos, “booming, humming”), a word of onomatopoeic origin.

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek Βρεντέσιον (Brentésion), which is said to come from the local word for a stag's head; Köbler gives it as Messapic brention or brunda. Hesychius glosses βρένδον…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek πύξος (púxos, “box tree”). Wiktionary doubts that Greek was the source, since the tree grew in Italy and is not native to Greece, and suggests both words may come…

It is formed from Latin caelum (“sky, heaven”) + -estris of local adjectives, as in its opposite terrestris (“of the earth”), but in the dissimilated form ⟨-estis⟩ of agrestis. De Vaan traces…

It is from Latin caelum (“sky, heaven”) + -cola (“dweller”), from the stem of colō (“to inhabit, cultivate”). De Vaan traces caelum to Proto-Italic *kailo- (“sky”) and colō to Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin caelum (“engraving tool, chisel”) + -ō, the verb suffix. Wiktionary traces it to Proto-Indo-European *keh₂id- (“to cut, hew”), the root of caedō.

It is from Latin caedō (“to cut, hew”) + -mentum. De Vaan reconstructs Proto-Italic *kaid(s)mento-, and traces caedō to Proto-Indo-European *keh₂id- (“to cut, hew”). Lewis & Short explain it as…

It arose by dissimilation from ⟨*caelulus⟩ or ⟨*caelulum⟩, a diminutive from Latin caelum (“sky”), so first “sky-coloured”. The TLL accepts the derivation from ⟨caelum⟩ but notes that the ending has…

It is from Latin caleō (“to be warm”) + -idus. Cognate with Umbrian calersu. A contracted form ⟨caldus⟩ is frequent in Cato and Varro, while Lucretius and Cicero use only ⟨calidus⟩.

It is from Latin caleō (“to be warm”) + -or.

Used as an adjective, it is the present participle from Latin candeō (“to shine, be white, glow”). De Vaan traces that verb to Proto-Italic *kand-ē- (“to shine”) and Proto-Indo-European *knd-ro-…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek κάρπασος (kárpasos, “fine flax”). The Greek word is traced to Sanskrit कर्पास (karpāsa, “cotton”), with Biblical Hebrew כַּרְפַּס (karpás, “fabric of cotton”) as a…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *kato-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ḱh₃-to- (“sharpened”), from a root meaning “to sharpen”; in Italic the sense moved from “sharp” to “clever”. Cognate…

It is from Latin caupō (“tradesman, innkeeper”). The OLD derives it instead from caupōna (“inn”). The TLL and Lewis and Short compare Ancient Greek καπηλεύω (kapēleúō), the Greek verb of a retailer.

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *kōti- (“sharp point, rock”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ḱe/oh₃-t- (“sharpening”), from the same stem as cōs “whetstone”; de Vaan finds plausible Ernout…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *kawo-, from *kowó-, which de Vaan derives from Proto-Indo-European *ḱouH-ó- (“hollow”). Cognate with Old Irish cúa (“hollow”), Breton keo (“cave”) and Ancient…

It is from Latin certō (“to contend for superiority”) + -tiō. De Vaan treats the verb under certus (“fixed, certain”), which continues the old past participle of cernō (“to distinguish”) and goes…

It is formed from Latin certus + -ē, from the adjective “sure, certain”. De Vaan explains certus as the old past participle of cernō “to distinguish”, from Proto-Italic *krito- (“distinguished”)…

It is a frequentative from Latin cēdō (“to go, withdraw, yield”) + -tō: literally to keep holding back.

It is from Proto-Italic *keiwe. Following Watkins, de Vaan explains it from the particle Proto-Indo-European *ḱe (“here”), the ⟨-ce⟩ of hic, and Proto-Indo-European *h₁i-we (“as”), comparing…

It is from Latin circum- + stō (“to stand”). De Vaan traces ⟨stō⟩ to Proto-Italic ⟨*sta-ē-je/o-⟩ “to stand”, from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand”), with Umbrian ⟨stahu⟩ “I stand”.

It is from Latin circum- (“around”) + veniō (“to come”). De Vaan traces ⟨veniō⟩ to Proto-Indo-European *gʷm̥-yé- (“to come”).

It is from Latin clārus (“bright, clear”) + -ō. The adjective goes back to Proto-Italic *klāro- (“loud”) and Proto-Indo-European *klh₁-ro- (“loud, sonorous”).

It is formed from Latin co- + apiō (“to fasten, tie”), “to lay hold of”; the present ⟨coepiō⟩ is a rare early form beside the common perfect ⟨coepī⟩. The perfect goes back to ⟨*co-ēpī⟩, with the…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek κόμη (kómē, “hair of the head”). The further origin of the Greek word is unknown.

It is from Latin con- + ūrō (“to burn”), with a ⟨b⟩ taken from ambūrō “to burn round”.

It is from Latin cōmis (“courteous, kind”) + -ter. De Vaan reports the old derivation of cōmis from Proto-Italic *kom-smi-, "smiling along", with the Old Latin spelling ⟨cosmis⟩ of the Duenos…

It is from Latin com- + minuō (“to lessen”). De Vaan traces minuō to Proto-Italic *minu-je/o- (“to lessen”), from a nasal present Proto-Indo-European *mi-n(e)-h₁- (“to make less”). Cognate with…

It is formed from Latin con- (“with, together”) + manus (“hand”), the opposite of ēminus (“at a distance”). De Vaan derives ⟨manus⟩ from Proto-Italic *manu- (“hand”) and Proto-Indo-European *mon-u-…

It is formed from Latin com- + modus (“measure”), originally “that has the proper measure”. De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of ⟨modus⟩, which goes back to Proto-Italic *medo- (“measure…