Latin words first recorded in the 3rd century BC

It is from Latin circum- (“around”) + vehō (“to carry, (passive) to ride, sail”), used as a deponent. De Vaan traces vehō to Proto-Italic *weχ-e/o- and Proto-Indo-European *ueǵʰ-e/o- (“to carry”)…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *ki (“here, by”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ḱi (“this here”), a variant of the pronoun stem *ḱe that Latin also has in -ce. De Vaan thinks the final ⟨-s⟩…

1. The adverb is formed from Latin citus (“quick”) + -ō, ⟨citus⟩ being the participle of cieō (“to set in motion”). ⟨cieō⟩ goes back to Proto-Italic *ki-eje-, with the participle *kito- (“stirred”)…

It is the frequentative from Latin clāmō (“to shout”) + -itō. De Vaan takes ⟨clāmō⟩ as a verb made from a lost noun for “shout”, from Proto-Italic *klām-o/ā- and Proto-Indo-European *klh₁-m(o)-, the…

It is formed from Latin clāmō + -or, from the verb “to shout”. De Vaan thinks clāmō was itself made from a noun ⟨*klāmā-⟩ or ⟨*klāmo-⟩ “shout”, later replaced by ⟨clāmor⟩, and reconstructs…

It is from Latin clam (“secretly”) + -culum, a diminutive formed directly on the adverb, as plūsculum on ⟨plūs⟩. De Vaan traces clam to Proto-Italic *klām and perhaps Proto-Indo-European *ḱl-eh2-…

It is from Latin clārus (“loud, clear, bright”) + -ē, the adverb of the adjective. De Vaan traces clārus to Proto-Italic *klāro- (“loud”) and Proto-Indo-European *kl̥h₁-ro- (“loud, sonorous”); the…

The origin is uncertain. De Vaan rejects the old derivation from Proto-Italic *klejomenos (“leaning”), and finds attractive the idea that it was made as the opposite of vehemēns (“violent”), with…

It is from Latin clēmēns (“mild, merciful”) + -ter. De Vaan finds the origin of clēmēns unclear: he rejects Walde and Hofmann's *klejomenos “leaning”, and finds attractive Ernout and Meillet's idea…

Formed with the diminutive suffix -ella, it is inherited from Proto-Italic *kleitrelā, a diminutive of *kleitrā (“support”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Indo-European *ḱlei-tro/h₂- (“instrument…

It is from Proto-Italic *klowā- (“to clean”), a verb that de Vaan, following Vine, derives from an adjective Proto-Indo-European *ḱleuH-o- (“clear, clean”); the verb may survive in cloō (“to…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *klouni-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlou-ni- (“hip, buttock”). Cognate with Middle Welsh clun (“haunch”), Sanskrit श्रोणि (śróṇi-, “buttock, hip, loin”)…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek κοχλίας (kokhlías, “snail with a spiral shell”), which is formed from κόχλος (kókhlos, “shellfish with a spiral shell”). Etymonline notes that the Greek word is…

It is from Latin coepī (“to have begun”) + -tō, a frequentative. De Vaan lists the older coepiō (“to begin”) and this verb under apīscor (“to get, reach”), which he traces to Proto-Italic *ap-(e)i-…

It is from Latin con- + agitō (“to drive, stir; to ponder”), originally “to pursue something in the mind”. De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of agō (“to drive”), which goes back to Proto-Italic…

It is formed from Latin con- (“with”) + nōmen (“name”), with a /g/ taken over from cognōscō (“to recognize”), as in agnōmen. The TLL notes that it was felt both as a derivative of ⟨cognōscō⟩ and as…

The OLD, the TLL and Wiktionary take it as from Latin cognōscō (“to get to know”) + -mentum. Lewis & Short treat it as a by-form of cognōmen (“surname”), and de Vaan lists both among the compounds…

It is contracted from ⟨*co-agō⟩, formed from Latin con- + agō (“to drive”), “drive together”. The simple verb continues Proto-Italic *ag-e/o- (“to do, act”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ- (“to…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *kom-χorti-, a compound of com- “together” and a ti-stem Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰr-ti- (“enclosure”) from the root Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer- (“to grasp, enclose”)…

It is formed from Latin con- (“together, thoroughly”) + hortor (“to urge”). De Vaan explains ⟨hortor⟩ as the frequentative of horior (“to urge”), from Proto-Italic *χerje- and the present…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek κόλαφος (kólaphos, “a blow with the fist”). Köbler compares the Greek word with Proto-Indo-European *kel- (“to strike”).

It is from Latin cōnferō (“to bring together”) + -tiō, built on the participle stem ⟨collāt-⟩. De Vaan explains the participle of ferō (“to carry”) and its compounds as an old participle of another…

It is from Latin con- (“with, together”) + lībertus (“freedman”). De Vaan lists lībertus among the derivatives of līber (“free”), which goes back to Proto-Italic *leuþ-ero- and Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin con- + loquor (“to speak”). The verb loquor goes back to Proto-Indo-European *tlokʷ- (“to talk”). Cognate with Old Irish ad·tluchedar (“gives thanks”).

The origin is uncertain. De Vaan compares the Balto-Slavic words for “blue” and “dove”, as Old Prussian golimban (“blue”), Old Church Slavonic голѫбь (golǫbĭ, “pigeon, dove”) and Russian го́лубь…

It is from Latin columba (“dove, pigeon”), made as its masculine counterpart. De Vaan finds no clear origin for the feminine; he compares Balto-Slavic words for “blue” and “dove” such as Old…

It is from Latin con- + edō (“to eat”). De Vaan traces edō to Proto-Italic *ed- (“to eat”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₁ed- (“to eat”), comparing Oscan edum (“to eat”), Ancient Greek ἔδω (édō, “to…

It is from Latin com- (“together”) + eō (“to go”) + -es, “one who goes with”. De Vaan reconstructs Proto-Italic *kom-i-t- “going together”, with the root of “to go” enlarged by a Proto-Indo-European…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek κωμάζω (kōmázō, “to revel, make merry”), from κῶμος (kômos, “revel”). The OLD only compares the Greek verb. The spellings with ⟨comes-⟩, ⟨comis-⟩ and ⟨commess-⟩…

It is from Latin cōmis (“courteous, friendly”) + -tās. De Vaan lists it under ⟨cōmis⟩, Old Latin ⟨cosmis⟩ in the Duenos inscription, which has been explained as Proto-Italic *kom-smi- “smiling along…

It is from Latin comitium (“place of assembly”), its plural, from con- (“together”) and eō (“to go”), with the suffix -ium: the place where people “go together”. De Vaan sets it beside comes…

It is from Latin comitium (“place of assembly”) + -ālis. De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of comes (“companion”), a compound of com- and the root for “to go”.

It is formed from Latin commeō (“to go back and forth”) + -tus, an action noun. commeō is con- with meō (“to go, pass”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *mejo- and Proto-Indo-European *h₂mey-…

It is from Latin con- + meminī (“to remember”). The TLL compares comminīscor (“to devise”). De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of that verb, which goes back to Proto-Italic *me-mon- and…

It is formed from Latin con- + memorō (“to mention, tell”). memorō is from memor (“mindful”), which recent scholars, de Vaan among them, derive from ⟨*me-mn-os-⟩, from the perfect stem of meminī…

It is from Latin con- + meō (“to go, pass”). De Vaan traces meō to Proto-Italic *mejo- and, through a shift from “change” to “change places” and “go past”, to Proto-Indo-European *h₂mei-o- (“to…

It is from Latin con- + misceō (“to mix”). The verb misceō goes back to Proto-Indo-European *miḱ-sḱé- (“to mix”). The Thesaurus compares Old Irish con-mescatar (“are mixed”).

Used as a noun, it is the neuter participle from Latin committō (“to entrust, commit”). committō is a compound of com- and mittō (“to send, let go”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *meit-e/o-…

It is the adverb from Latin commodus (“fitting, convenient”) + -ē. The adjective is built on modus (“measure”), which de Vaan derives from Proto-Italic *medo- (“measure, judgement”) and…

It is from Latin commodus (“suitable, convenient”) + -tās. commodus is made from com- and modus (“measure”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *medo- (“measure, judgement”) and…

It is from Latin commodus (“suitable, convenient”), its neuter, used as a noun and, in the accusative, as an adverb. commodus is formed from com- and modus (“measure”); de Vaan derives modus from…

It is from Latin commoneō (“to remind”) + faciō (“to make, do”), formed like condocefaciō. The first part is a compound of con- and moneō (“to remind, warn”), which de Vaan derives from Proto-Italic…

It is from Latin con- + moneō (“to remind, warn”). De Vaan traces moneō to Proto-Italic *moneje- and Proto-Indo-European *mon-eie- (“to make think of, remind”), cognate with Sanskrit मानयति…

It is from Latin con- + moror (“to delay”). De Vaan takes moror either as a verb made from mora (“delay”) or as an old iterative; the noun goes back to Proto-Italic *morā and Proto-Indo-European…

It is formed from Latin con- + mūtō (“to change, exchange”). De Vaan explains ⟨mūtō⟩ from a noun Proto-Italic *moito- (“object of exchange”), also behind mūtuus (“lent, mutual”), and gives two…

It is from Latin com- + pacīscor (“to make an agreement”). De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of pāx (“peace”), which goes back to Proto-Italic *pāk- (“agreement, peace”) and Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin compēs (“fetter, shackle”) + -iō. De Vaan lists ⟨compedēs⟩ “fetters” and ⟨compedīre⟩ among the derivatives of pēs (“foot”) and takes the meaning of the verbs in ⟨-pedīre⟩ from the…

1. The verb “drive together” is formed from Latin con- (“together”) + pellō (“to push, drive”). De Vaan traces pellō to Proto-Italic *pelna- and Proto-Indo-European *pl-n(e)-h₂- (“to approach”)…

It is formed from Latin con- (“together”) + pendō (“to weigh”) + -ium, literally “what is weighed together”; the TLL compares dispendium (“expense”). Lewis & Short say it first belonged to the…

It is formed from Latin con- and a stem *pedis, from pēs (“foot”). De Vaan traces pēs to Proto-Italic *pōd- (“foot”) and Proto-Indo-European *pōd-s (“foot”). Isidore and Priscian derived the word…

It goes back to ⟨*comparc-scō⟩, an inchoative from Latin con- + parcō (“to spare, refrain”), compare compercō (“to save up”); medial ⟨a⟩ was reduced to ⟨e⟩ and the cluster ⟨-rcsc-⟩ simplified to…

It is from Latin con- + pīlō (“to plunder”). The TLL compares expīlō, suppīlō and pīlātrix, and agrees with Froehde that the root is the same as in Ancient Greek ψιλός (psilós, “bare”).

It is from Latin con- + plicō (“to fold”). De Vaan lists it with the other verbs in ⟨-plicāre⟩ under plectō (“to plait”): they come from Proto-Italic *-plek-ā-, probably denominal verbs from…

It is from Latin con- + plūrēs (“more”). plūrēs is the plural of plūs, which de Vaan traces to the comparative ⟨*pleh₁-ios-⟩ of Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁- (“to fill; much”).

It is from Latin complūrēs (“several”) + -iēns. De Vaan lists it, with complūrēs, among the derivatives of plūs (“more”), whose comparative goes back to Proto-Italic *ple/o(H)is and…

It is from Latin con- + portō (“to carry”). De Vaan thinks ⟨portō⟩ is probably formed on a noun Proto-Italic *porto- (“passage, crossing”), from Proto-Indo-European *port-o-, cognate with Umbrian…

It is from Latin con- + precor (“to pray”). Wiktionary traces precor to Proto-Indo-European *preḱ- (“to ask”).

It is from Latin comprimō (“to press together, squeeze”) + -tiō, a noun of action formed on the participle stem ⟨compress-⟩ of the verb.

It is formed from Latin con- (“together”) + premō (“to press”). De Vaan traces premō to Proto-Italic *pres- and Proto-Indo-European *pr-es- (“to press”); the present stem ⟨prem-⟩ was remade after…

It is from Latin con- + pungō (“to prick, sting”). De Vaan traces pungō to a nasal present Proto-Italic *pung- (“to pierce, sting”), from Proto-Indo-European *pu-n(e)-g/k-.