utrimque

Forms

utrimque (not comparable)^[1] It is also spelled utrinque.^[2]

Etymology

It is formed from uterque (“each of two, both”) with the adverbial ending ⟨-im⟩, an adverbial accusative like multum and the adverbs in -tim.^[3][1] De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of uter (“which of two”), which he traces to Proto-Italic *kʷotero- and Proto-Indo-European *kʷo-tero- (“which of two”), remade in Latin after the interrogative stem of ubī and ut; cognates are Oscan pútereípíd (“in both”), Ancient Greek πότερος (póteros, “which of two”), Sanskrit कतर (katará-, “which of two”) and Gothic 𐍈𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂 (ƕaþar, “which of two”).^[4]

Earliest recorded meaning

Ennius, Annals: horrēscit tēlīs exercitus asper utrimque, “on both sides the army bristles rough with spears”.^[3][2][4]

Semantic evolution

Utrimque means “on both sides, at both ends” (Lucretius of the air pressing the earth from both sides), and especially on both sides in a battle or war (Ennius) or in a dispute: Livy speaks of good faith kept between allies utrimque.^[3] Manilius uses it of both sides of a division or classification.^[3] Church Latin glosses it “on both sides, in both cases”.^[5]

Timeline

• 204–169 BC – Ennius of armies on both sides.^[3][6]
• 96–55 BC – Lucretius of both sides of the world.^[3][6]
• 59 BC–17 AD – Livy of faith kept on both sides.^[3][6]

Meanings

Adverb

1. On or from both sides; at both ends.^[3][1][5]
2. On both sides (in a war or dispute).^[3]
3. In both cases.^[5]

Word family

• utrimquesecus
• utrinsecus

Related words

• uterque
• uter
• utrubīque

References

1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
4. ^ a b de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
5. ^ a b c Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
6. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de