Etymologically
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insciens

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Pronunciation

  • Classical: [ˈĩː.ski.ẽːs][1]
  • Ecclesiastical: [ˈin̠ʲ.ʃi.ens][1]

Forms

īnsciēns (genitive īnscientis); third-declension one-termination adjective[1] A comparative appears only as a variant reading.[2]

Etymology

It is formed from in- (“not”) and sciēns, the present participle of sciō (“to know”).[3][1][2] De Vaan traces sciō to Proto-Italic *skije/o- (“to know”) and Proto-Indo-European *skh₁-i(e/o)- (“to incise”).[4] Cognate with Ancient Greek σχάω (skháō, “to slit open”).[4] The grammarian Sacerdos cites it as a participle that has become an adjective, since there is no verb ⟨*insciō⟩.[2]

Earliest recorded meaning

It is first found in Plautus, peccavi insciens, “I erred unknowingly”;[3] the Captivi says that a man often does more good unknowing than knowing.[5]

Semantic evolution

It means not knowing, in ignorance, unaware,[3] and is often used where English would have an adverb, unknowingly:[1] Terence has “if I did wrong, I did it unknowing”.[5] The ablative absolute mē īnsciente is “without my knowledge”, as in Plautus and in Cicero's letters.[5] It also means ignorant or stupid, as in Terence's “go away, you fool”, abi sis, insciens.[3]

Timeline

  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus, of erring unknowingly.[3][5][6]
  • 190–159 BC – Terence, “unknowing” and “fool”.[3][5][6]
  • 81–43 BC – Cicero, mē īnsciente.[5][6]

Meanings

Adjective

  1. Not knowing, unaware, unknowing;[3][5][1] as an adverb, unknowingly.[1]
  2. Ignorant, stupid.[3][1]

Word family

  • īnscientia

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  4. ^ a b de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  6. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de