Etymologically
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distorqueo

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Pronunciation

  • Classical: [dɪsˈtɔr.kʷe.oː][1]
  • Ecclesiastical: [disˈtɔr.kʷe.o][1]

Forms

distorqueō (present infinitive distorquēre, perfect active distorsī, supine distortum); second conjugation[1]

Etymology

It is from Latin dis- + torqueō (“to twist”).[2][3] De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of torqueō, a causative verb that goes back to Proto-Italic *torkʷ-eie- and Proto-Indo-European *torkʷ-eie- (“to twist”).[4] He compares Sanskrit तर्कु (tarku-, “spindle”) and Tocharian B tärk- (“to turn”).[4]

Earliest recorded meaning

De Vaan and the OLD first find it in Terence,[4][5] in a line about someone twisting his own face (os … distorserit).[5][6]

Semantic evolution

In its first sense it means to twist something this way and that: the face, the eyes or the lips, or a mouth wrenched by a laugh in Ovid.[5][7][8] Seneca uses it figuratively of twisting words.[5] From twisting the limbs it came to mean to torture, in Seneca and Suetonius, and to torment the mind with cares;[5][8][6] Petronius has cogitatione distorta of racking one's brains.[5][8][6] Medieval writers kept the sense of twisting and bending the body and added senses such as turning aside and carrying off.[9] The participle distortus lies behind English distort, first recorded in the 1580s.[10]

Timeline

  • 190–159 BC – Terence uses it of twisting the face.[5][11]
  • 65–8 BC – Horace uses it of rolling the eyes.[5][11]
  • 43 BC–AD 18 – Ovid uses it of a mouth distorted by laughing.[5][11]
  • 4 BC–AD 65 – Seneca uses it of torturing.[5][11]
  • 1580s – English distort is formed from its participle.[10]

Meanings

Verb

  1. To twist this way and that, distort (the face, eyes, lips).[5][7]
  2. (figurative) To twist (words).[5]
  3. To make deformed; to torture, torment.[5][7][8]
  4. To trouble or torment the mind;[5][6] cogitatiōnem distorquēre, to rack one's brains.[5][6]

Word family

References

  1. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  3. ^ Bianchi, Rossella; Lelli, Olga (2014), VOLI: Vocabolario di latino, Florence: Le Monnier
  4. ^ a b c de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  6. ^ a b c d e Conte, Gian Biagio; Pianezzola, Emilio; Ranucci, Giuliano (2010), il Latino: Vocabolario della lingua latina, 3rd ed., Florence: Le Monnier
  7. ^ a b c Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  8. ^ a b c d Georges, Karl Ernst (1913–1918), Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch, 8th ed., ed. Heinrich Georges, Hannover; Leipzig: Hahn
  9. ^ Mittellateinisches Wörterbuch bis zum ausgehenden 13. Jahrhundert (1967–), Munich: C. H. Beck; Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  10. ^ a b Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
  11. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de