torqueo

Pronunciation

• IPA (Classical): [ˈtɔr.kʷe.oː]^[1]
• IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈtɔr.kʷe.o]^[1]

Forms

torqueō (present infinitive torquēre, perfect active torsī, supine tortum); second conjugation^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *torkʷ-eie- (“to twist”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *torkʷ-eie- (“to twist”), a causative of Proto-Indo-European *terkʷ- (“to turn”).^[2][3] Cognate with Hittite tarku- (“to dance”), Sanskrit तर्कु (tarku, “spindle”) and Ancient Greek ἄτρακτος (átraktos, “spindle”).^[2][4] tormentum continues *torkʷ-mn-to-.^[2]

Earliest recorded meaning

Plautus uses it.^[2] Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^[5]

Semantic evolution

In Classical Latin it was to twist tightly, as Ovid's twisting thread with the thumb, to wind round the head, as Virgil's oak garland, and to turn or whirl.^[4][6][1] It was to hurl, to torture on the rack, and to torment with pain, as Varro's cress that twists the nose.^[4][1] Döderlein contrasts it, twisting, with vertō, turning.^[7]

Its noun torquēs was a twisted collar, and tormentum gave English torment.^[2][3] Late Latin torqua gave English torch, and the verb gave torque.^[3]

Timeline

• c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it.^[2][5]
• 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of a twisted garland.^[4][5]
• mid-13th century – English torch is recorded.^[3]
• 1882 – English torque is recorded.^[3]

Meanings

Verb

1. To twist, wind.^[4][8]
2. To spin, whirl, turn.^[1][6]
3. To hurl.^[1]
4. To torture; to torment.^[4][1]

Word family

• abtorqueo
• attorqueō
• circumtorqueō
• contorqueō
• dētorqueō
• distorqueō
• extorqueō
• intorqueō
• obtorqueō
• pertorqueō
• praetorqueō
• retorqueō

Related words

• torquēs
• tormentum
• English torment
• English torch
• English torque

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
3. ^ a b c d e Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
4. ^ a b c d e f Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
5. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
6. ^ a b Gaffiot, Félix (2016), Dictionnaire latin-français, new ed. by Gérard Gréco et al. (Gaffiot 2016), online ed.
7. ^ Döderlein, Ludwig (1874), Döderlein’s Hand-book of Latin Synonymes, tr. H. H. Arnold, Andover: W. F. Draper
8. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press