Etymologically
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circumvenio

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Pronunciation

  • IPA (Classical): [kɪr.kʊmˈwɛ.ni.oː][1]
  • IPA (Ecclesiastical): [t͡ʃir.kumˈvɛː.ni.o], [ˌkɪr.kũːˈwɛ.ni.oː][1]

Forms

circumveniō (present infinitive circumvenīre, perfect active circumvēnī, supine circumventum); fourth conjugation[1]

Etymology

It is from circum- “around” and veniō “to come”.[2][1][3] De Vaan traces ⟨veniō⟩ to Proto-Indo-European *gʷm̥-yé- (“to come”).[4]

Earliest recorded meaning

The OLD's earliest citation is from Ennius, of conditions that beset someone.[2] Köbler dates Ennius 204–169 BC.[5]

Semantic evolution

It meant to surround with hostile forces, as in Caesar, and of places and things to surround, enclose, as in Sallust.[2] In Terence it meant to cheat, trick, circumvent, and in Cicero to prosecute or convict someone unjustly.[2]

In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant to surround, beset, overreach, circumvent.[6] Its participle circumventus gave English circumvent in the mid-15th century, first “to surround by hostile stratagem”.[3]

Timeline

  • 204–169 BC – Ennius uses it.[2][5]
  • 190–159 BC – Terence uses it of cheating.[2][5]
  • c. 50 BC – Caesar uses it of surrounding troops.[2][5]
  • mid-15th century – English circumvent is recorded.[3]

Meanings

Verb

  1. To surround, encircle.[2]
  2. To beset.[2]
  3. To cheat, circumvent.[2]
  4. To oppress by false accusation.[2]

Word family

  • circumventiō
  • circumventor
  • circumventus

References

  1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ a b c Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
  4. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  5. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  6. ^ Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson