caliendrum

Forms

caliendrum n (genitive caliendrī); second declension^[1] The OLD and Georges head it under the spelling caliandrum.^[2][3]

Etymology

It is probably Greek, but the source is disputed.^[2] L&S, Georges and Wiktionary derive it from Ancient Greek κάλλυντρον (kálluntron, “ornament”),^[4][3][1] while the OLD compares Ancient Greek κάλανδρος (kálandros).^[2]

Earliest recorded meaning

It is first found in Varro's Menippean satires,^[2] meaning a woman's headdress of false hair.^[2]

Semantic evolution

It was a tall headdress built up from layers of false hair, worn by Roman women.^[4][3] In Horace's satires Sagana loses her tall caliendrum, and the word reappears in Tertullian and Arnobius.^[2][5]

Medieval Latin used it for a high hairstyle and for a wig or a kind of hat,^[6] and Neo-Latin writers used it for a wig.^[7]

Timeline

• 116–27 BC – Varro uses it in his Menippean satires.^[2][8]
• 65–8 BC – Horace uses it in his satires.^[2][8]
• c. 160–220 AD – Tertullian uses it.^[5][8]

Meanings

Noun

1. A woman's high headdress of false hair.^[2][4]
2. (Medieval Latin) A high hairstyle; a wig or a kind of hat.^[6]
3. (New Latin) A wig.^[7]

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
3. ^ a b c Georges, Karl Ernst (1913–1918), Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch, 8th ed., ed. Heinrich Georges, Hannover; Leipzig: Hahn
4. ^ a b c Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
5. ^ a b Gaffiot, Félix (2016), Dictionnaire latin-français, new ed. by Gérard Gréco et al. (Gaffiot 2016), online ed.
6. ^ a b Mittellateinisches Wörterbuch bis zum ausgehenden 13. Jahrhundert (1967–), Munich: C. H. Beck; Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
7. ^ a b Ramminger, Johann, Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700, www.neulatein.de
8. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de