*dʰeh₁-

*dʰeh₁-¹ to put

Reconstruction

The root is *dʰeh₁- in LIV,^[1] and in Kloekhorst, who traces this etymology of the Hittite verb.^[2] Beekes and Jasanoff write *dheh₁-.^[3][4]

Morphology

LIV's basic formation is a root aorist *dʰéh₁-/dʰh₁-.^[1] Beekes matches the active root aorist in Boeotian Ancient Greek ἀν-έθε̄ (an-éthē), Sanskrit अधात् (ádhāt) and Old Armenian եդ (ed), and sets up the reduplicated present *dhí-dheh₁-mi for Ancient Greek τίθημι (títhēmi) and Sanskrit दधामि (dádhāmi).^[3] LIV also has an sk̑é-present *dʰh₁-sk̑é- and an s-desiderative *dʰéh₁/dʰh₁-s-, and treats the nasal present, the s-aorist and the perfect as innovations.^[1]

Kloekhorst infers the ablaut *dʰeh₁- / *dʰh₁- for Pre-Hittite from the derived verbs Hittite peḫute-, Hittite uu̯ate- and Hittite u̯ete-.^[2]

Evidence

Anatolian and Tocharian both attest it, among the eight branches listed under Reflexes.^[2][5]

Competing analyses

The -k- of Ancient Greek θῆκε (thêke) and Latin fēcit is shared: de Vaan thinks it arose in the PIE root aorist,^[6] and Beekes sets up *dheh₁-k-et for θῆκε and for the Old Latin form Latin fēced.^[3] Latin then generalised the stem Proto-Italic *fak- through the whole paradigm.^[6]

Kümmel adds to LIV's note a weak stem Avestan daθ- (daθ-) before vowels, beside Avestan daδā- (daδā-) and Avestan daδ- (daδ-).^[7]

Meanings

1. to place, to lay, to set^[1]
2. to produce, to make^[1]

Beekes describes a range including "put, lay down, make, create".^[3] The reflexes range further: Hittite has "to speak, to determine",^[1] and Old Church Slavonic "put, lay, speak".^[1]

Derivatives

• Hittite peḫute- (“to lead there”), Hittite uu̯ate- (“to bring here”) and Hittite u̯ete- (“to build”).^[2]
• Ancient Greek θέσις (thésis), Ancient Greek θεσμός (thesmós), Ancient Greek θέμις (thémis) and Ancient Greek θήκη (thḗkē).^[3]

Reflexes

• Anatolian: Hittite tē- (“to speak”).^[2]
• Tocharian: Tocharian B tā- (“to place, to set”).^[5]
• Indo-Aryan: Sanskrit अधात् (ádhāt, “has set”).^[1]
• Greek: Ancient Greek τίθημι (títhēmi, “to put”).^[3]
• Armenian: Old Armenian դնեմ (dnem, “to put, to lay”), aorist Old Armenian եդ (e-d).^[8]
• Italic: Latin faciō (“to make”), from a stem Proto-Italic *fak-.^[6]
• Slavic: Old Church Slavonic дѣти (dě-ti, “do, say, put”).^[9]
• Baltic: Lithuanian dėti (“to lay, to put”).^[10][11]

*dʰeh₁-² to suck

Reconstruction

LIV enters this root separately as *dʰeh₁(i̯)-,^[12] Matasović writes *dʰeh₁y-,^[13] and Mallory and Adams *dheh₁-.^[14]

Morphology

LIV sets up a nasal-infix present *dʰi-né/n-h₁- and a sigmatic aorist *dʰḗh₁/dʰéh₁-s-, and treats the causative as an innovation.^[12] Matasović argues that Proto-Celtic *di-na- cannot come from *dʰi-neh₁-.^[13]

Evidence

Cuneiform Luwian titaimi- (“fed”) is the Anatolian form Matasović lists.^[13]

Meanings

1. to suck, of breast milk^[12]

Reflexes

• Indo-Aryan: Sanskrit धयति (dháyati, “sucks”).^[13]
• Greek: Ancient Greek θήσατο (thḗsato, “sucked”).^[12]
• Celtic: Proto-Celtic *di-na- (“to suck”).^[13]
• Germanic: Gothic 𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (daddjan, “to suckle”).^[12]
• Slavic: Old Church Slavonic доити (dojiti, “to suckle”).^[12]