*wódr̥

Reconstruction

Mallory and Adams give nominative *wód-r̥, genitive *wéd-n̥-s,^[1] and the Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics has *wód-r̥ ~ *wéd-n-.^[2] Kroonen writes *uód-r, genitive *uéd-n-s,^[3] de Vaan *uód-r, *ud-én- for the Hittite and *ud-ōr, *ud-n- for Italic,^[4] Adams *wodr-/udn-,^[5] and Matasović *wod-r / *uden-.^[6]

Morphology

It is a heteroclitic noun, with -r in the nominative and -n in the other cases.^[1] Kroonen allows that the original paradigm was static, while Proto-Germanic points to *uód-ōr, *uod-én-(o)s.^[3] Beekes calls it an r/n-stem in which Greek enlarged the n-stem with *t: *ud-n̥-t-.^[7]

Heteroclitic nouns have been seen as among the earliest layers of Indo-European nouns.^[1]

Evidence

Anatolian and Tocharian both attest it, in the nine branches listed under Reflexes.^[4][5] Celtic is uncertain: Old Irish uisce is often derived from it through Proto-Celtic *uden-sk-yo-, but Matasović is not sure that this is right.^[6] Old Irish dobur and Welsh dŵr "water" are not reflexes for Matasović, who derives them from "dark water".^[8] Adams allows that the Celtic word may contain *udrom.^[5]

Competing analyses

The Balto-Slavic nasal has been explained from a suffix.^[9] It is reconstructed as Proto-Balto-Slavic *wondōr, genitive Proto-Balto-Slavic *undnes, and Slavic Proto-Slavic *vod- arose by lowering before a stop and dissimilatory loss of the *n.^[10]

The preform of Albanian ujë is disputed: Orel sets up Proto-Albanian *udrjà,^[11] and Matzinger and Schumacher a reshaped *uda/udan.^[12]

Meanings

1. water^[13][7]

Latin unda has moved to "wave, sea, river".^[4]

Derivatives

• *u̯ed-os-: Ancient Greek ὕδος (húdos), Old Armenian գետ (get, “river”), and the zero grade in Sanskrit उत्स (útsa-, “spring”).^[14][7]
• An adjective in Sanskrit अनुद्र (anudrás, “without water”).^[7]

Reflexes

• Anatolian: Hittite u̯ātar (“water”), oblique Hittite u̯itēn-.^[4][7]
• Tocharian: Tocharian B war (“water”), probably from a thematic *udrom.^[5]
• Indo-Aryan: Sanskrit उदन् (udán-, “water”).^[15]
• Greek: Ancient Greek ὕδωρ (hýdōr, “water”).^[7]
• Italic: Umbrian utur, ablative Umbrian une, and Latin unda (“wave”).^[4]
• Germanic: Proto-Germanic *watar- (“water”), Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉 (wato).^[3]
• Slavic: Proto-Slavic *vodà (“water”).^[10]
• Baltic: Lithuanian vanduo (“water”).^[9]
• Albanian: Albanian ujë (“water”).^[11]

References

1. ^ a b c Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006), The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World, Oxford: OUP, p. 88
2. ^ Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias, eds. (2017–2018), Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics, 3 vols (HSK 41), Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, p. 1978
3. ^ a b c Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 575
4. ^ a b c d e de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. unda
5. ^ a b c d Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), A Dictionary of Tocharian B, 2nd ed., Amsterdam: Rodopi, p. 627
6. ^ a b Matasović, Ranko (2009), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic, Leiden: Brill, p. 406
7. ^ a b c d e f Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. ὕδωρ
8. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic, Leiden: Brill, p. 108
9. ^ a b Derksen, Rick (2015), Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon, Leiden: Brill, p. 502
10. ^ a b Derksen, Rick (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 4, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 523
11. ^ a b Orel, Vladimir (1998), Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden / Boston / Köln: Brill, p. s.v. ujë
12. ^ Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias, eds. (2017–2018), Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics, 3 vols (HSK 41), Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, p. 1750
13. ^ Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006), The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World, Oxford: OUP, p. 81
14. ^ Martirosyan, Hrach K. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon, Leiden: Brill, p. 219
15. ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1986–2001), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen, 3 vols, Heidelberg: Winter, p. 215