*h₂er-

*h₂er-¹ to fit together

Reconstruction

LIV sets up 1.*h₂er- "to fit (together)", in the reflexive sense "to fit oneself together".^[1] Beekes writes *h₂er- "fit",^[2] Martirosyan *h₂er- "to fix, put together",^[3] Kroonen *h₂er- "to fit together",^[4] and Adams *hₐer- "fit together, fix".^[5] LIV adds that if Hittite āra (“right, proper”) belongs here, as Praust holds, the root must be *(h₁)ar-.^[1]

Morphology

LIV reconstructs a root aorist *h₂ér-/h₂r-, seen in the Homeric participle ἄρμενος (ármenos, “fitting”), a néu̯-present *h₂r̥-néu̯/nu- and a perfect *h₂e-h₂ór/h₂r-; the reduplicated aorists of Greek and Armenian, Ancient Greek ἤραρον (ḗraron) and Old Armenian արարի (arari), it counts as innovations, perhaps of Proto-Graeco-Armenian.^[1] Beekes notes that the Greek present is built on the aorist, beside an old perfect, and calls the Armenian verb the nearest cognate, since it too has a reduplicated aorist.^[2] In Indo-Iranian the root fell together with other *Her- roots, so that the formations can often be told apart only by their meaning.^[1]

Evidence

LIV's verbal forms come from Greek, Armenian and, with doubt, Indo-Iranian.^[1] Nominal derivatives are claimed in Tocharian,^[6] Italic^[7] and, disputedly, Anatolian.^[8]

Competing analyses

Kloekhorst connects Hittite āra (“right, proper”), arā- (“friend”) and Lycian ara- (“rite”) through Proto-Anatolian *ʔor-, with Sanskrit words for "fittingly" and "truth, order" and with Ancient Greek ἀραρίσκω (ararískō).^[8] Kümmel's addenda report that Kloekhorst explains the Anatolian words by the loss of *h₂ before *o, while Hajnal assigns them to *h₁er- "to come, arrive".^[9] Kümmel also reports Pooth's view that *h₁er-, 1.*h₂er- and 2.*h₂er- all belong to one root *h₁ar- (secondarily *h₁er-) "to meet, come together".^[9] LIV itself allows a prehistoric link with 2.*h₂er- "to take, acquire", by way of an identical stem formation, but says the meanings would need explaining.^[1]

Meanings

1. to fit together^[1][2]

LIV's German gloss is reflexive, and it notes that the perfect requires a fientive meaning.^[1] The Armenian verb means "to make, create".^[3]

Derivatives

• *h₂r-tí- "the fitting": Latin ars, and Avestan arəiti-, aṣ̌i- (“reward”).^[7]
• Proto-Tocharian *ārwer (“ready”), in Tocharian B ārwer (“ready, eager, willing”), is a derivative of the root.^[6]
• An o-grade *h₂or-o- is what Kloekhorst assumes for the Anatolian words.^[2]

Reflexes

• Anatolian: Hittite āra (“right, proper”), if it belongs here.^[8]
• Iranian: Avestan arā̊ṇte (“they settle firmly”), a doubtful member of LIV's list.^[1]
• Armenian: Old Armenian առնեմ (aṙnem, “to make, create”).^[3]
• Greek: Ancient Greek ἀραρίσκω (ararískō, “to join”).^[2]
• Italic: Latin ars (“art, manner”).^[7]
• Tocharian: Tocharian B ārwer (“ready, eager, willing”).^[6]

*h₂er-² to take, acquire

Reconstruction

LIV sets up 2.*h₂er- "to take, acquire",^[10] and Beekes *h₂er- "take, acquire".^[11] Kölligan's chapter on the PIE lexicon lists *h₂er- with Ancient Greek ἄρνυμαι (árnumai), Old Armenian առնում (aṙnowm) and probably Avestan -ərənuu- (“to distribute”).^[12]

Morphology

LIV reconstructs a root aorist *h₂ér-/h₂r- and a néu̯-present *h₂r̥-néu̯/nu-; the Avestan perfect it counts as an innovation.^[10] Beekes calls Ancient Greek ἄρνυμαι (árnumai) an old nasal present from *h₂r-nu-.^[11] The meaning "to take, acquire" accounts for the active aorist of Armenian, and the factitive meaning in Avestan is that of the nasal present.^[10]

Evidence

The verb is found in Greek, Armenian and Iranian.^[10][11] Hittite arnu- (“to transport, deport”) belongs with Ancient Greek ὄρνυμι (órnumi), not here.^[11] Pooth's view, reported by Kümmel, puts this root together with 1.*h₂er- and *h₁er- under one root *h₁ar-.^[13]

Meanings

1. to take, to acquire^[10][11]

The Greek present is a reflexive middle of the factitive nasal present, "to allot to oneself".^[10]

Reflexes

• Iranian: Avestan ərənuuaiṇti (“they grant”), from LIV's list.^[10][11]
• Armenian: Old Armenian առնում (aṙnum, “to take”), from LIV's list.^[10][11]
• Greek: Ancient Greek ἄρνυμαι (árnumai, “to win, gain, acquire”).^[11]

*h₂er-³ to speak weightily

Reconstruction

LIV sets up the root, with a question mark, as ?3.*h₂er- "to speak weightily or loudly", following Rix; the *h₂ is inferred from Greek *ἀρ-ϝᾱ- "prayer, curse", the base of Ancient Greek ἀράομαι (aráomai).^[14]

Morphology

LIV reconstructs an amphidynamic root present *h₂ér-/h₂r-, from which the stems of the branches were remade, and an iterative *h₂or-éi̯e-; the Oscan perfect it takes for a Proto-Italic innovation.^[14]

Evidence

The evidence is a Vedic verb attested only in sandhi with a preverb, iterative verbs in Russian and Serbo-Croatian, and an Oscan future perfect, all from LIV's list.^[14] In Slavic only the feature "loud" survives.^[14]

Competing analyses

Rix derived both Oscan urust and Latin ōrō from this root, the latter from a root noun *h₂ōr-; de Vaan grants that this works within Italic, but finds the evidence outside Italic very weak, and prefers to take the Latin verb as a denominative of ōs (“mouth”).^[15]

Meanings

1. to speak weightily, to speak loudly^[14]

Reflexes

• Italic: Oscan urust (“will have spoken publicly”), from LIV's list.^[14]
• Slavic: Russian орать (orátʹ, “to shout loudly”), Serbo-Croatian oriti (“to resound”), from LIV's list.^[14]