*Hyeh₁-

Reconstruction

LIV writes the root *Hi̯eh₁- 'to throw',^[1] and Kölligan's lexicon of PIE has the same form.^[2] Beekes writes *(H)ieh₁-,^[3] de Vaan an aorist *(H)ieh₁- beside a present *(H)ih₁-k-(i-),^[4] and Kloekhorst *Hieh₁-.^[5] The initial laryngeal rests on Peters's argument that Aristophanes always has a long ῑ- in Ancient Greek ἵημι (híēmi), from *Hi-Hieh₁-mi.^[3] Kloekhorst argues that it must have been *h₁ or *h₃.^[5]

Morphology

LIV reconstructs a root aorist *Hi̯éh₁-/Hih₁-, an i-reduplicated athematic present *Hi-Hi̯éh₁/Hih₁- and, with a query, an s-desiderative *Hi̯éh₁/Hih₁-s-; the Latin i̯e-present is an innovation.^[1] Greek kept the old reduplicated present ἵημι (híēmi), with the future Ancient Greek ἥσω (hḗsō).^[3][1] Beekes takes the pairs Ancient Greek ἔθηκα (éthēka) : Latin fēcī and Ancient Greek ἕηκα (héēka) : Latin iēcī as an archaic formation with a k-extension, which in Italic is the only form.^[3][1] Kloekhorst derives Hittite pei̯e- (“to send away”) from the preverb Hittite pe- and a root present *Hieh₁-ti, *Hih₁-enti.^[5] Jasanoff derives the Hittite iterative īšš(a)- from a reduplicated sigmatic present of this root,^[6] but Kloekhorst rejects any etymology that treats īšša- apart from the other imperfectives of the language.^[7]

Evidence

The root is attested in Anatolian, Greek and Italic, the three branches Kölligan cites.^[2] Kloekhorst places the univerbation of Hittite pe- with this root later than that of *h₁poi- with *h₁ei- 'to go'.^[5]

Competing analyses

LIV also derives Hittite i̯e/a- (“to make, to do”), Cuneiform Luwian ati and Lycian adi 'makes' from this root, following Melchert and the later Oettinger.^[1] Kloekhorst rejects this: the meaning 'to make' does not match 'to send, to throw', the Hittite forms are not the expected ones, and the root would not give Luwian ai̯a-.^[8] Beekes refers to Kloekhorst's objections.^[3] LIV notes that Oettinger's view of the Hittite verb 'to send' as a present *i̯i-i̯eh₁- that lost its reduplication remains possible.^[1]

Meanings

1. to throw,^[1][2] to throw, to let go,^[4] to send^[8]

Beekes holds that the Hittite verbs 'to send away' and 'to send here' keep the old meaning.^[3] de Vaan takes Latin iaceō (“to lie”) as the stative of iaciō, 'to be thrown down'.^[4]

Derivatives

• *Hieh₁-r-, *Hioh₁-r- 'year': Beekes thinks it probable that the word for 'year' contains this root, comparing German Geschick (“fate”) from schicken (“to send”).^[9] Kroonen reconstructs Proto-Germanic *jēra- (“year”) as *ieh₁-ro-.^[10]

Reflexes

• Anatolian: Hittite pei̯e- (“to send away”).^[5]
• Greek: Ancient Greek ἵημι (híēmi, “to send, to let go, to throw”).^[3]
• Italic: Latin iaciō (“to throw”).^[4]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g Rix, Helmut, et al. (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben, 2nd ed., Wiesbaden: Reichert, p. s.v. *Hi̯eh₁-
2. ^ a b c Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias, eds. (2017–2018), Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics, 3 vols (HSK 41), Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, p. 2252, ch. 124, Kölligan
3. ^ a b c d e f g Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. ἵημι
4. ^ a b c d de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. iaciō
5. ^ a b c d e Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon, Leiden: Brill, p. 663
6. ^ Jasanoff, Jay H. (2003), Hittite and the Indo-European Verb, Oxford: OUP, p. 136
7. ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon, Leiden: Brill, p. 388
8. ^ a b Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon, Leiden: Brill, p. 381
9. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. ὥρα
10. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 273