Etymologically

Etymology and origin of the Hungarian word mikor

Confidence
Established
Formation
Derivation
First attested
c. 1448 Jókai Codex (as mycoron; a text written after 1372)
Ultimate origin
Proto-Uralic *mɜ
From the same root
Hungarian amikor ← mikor

Pronunciation

Etymology

It is formed from Hungarian mi + -kor: the interrogative pronoun mi “what” with the temporal suffix -kor.[1][2][3] The oldest forms are ⟨mikoron⟩, with the further locative ending -n, and ⟨mikort⟩;[3][2] Bárczi analyses the word as ⟨mi⟩ and ⟨kor-on⟩.[3][2]

The suffix grew out of the noun kor “time, age”, an Old Turkic loanword, which was used with various case endings as a postposition, as in ⟨mindenkort⟩ and ⟨mendenkor⟩ “always” in the Jókai Codex.[4] The pronoun goes back to Proto-Uralic *mɜ (“what; thing”).[4]

Earliest recorded meaning

The word first appears in the Jókai Codex, a text written after 1372 and copied about 1448, in the forms mycoron and mykort;[3][4] mykort is a relative, “when”.[3][4] The form micor without an ending is found in the Munich Codex (copied 1466), where it serves both as a relative “when, as” and as an interrogative “when?”.[3][4][5]

Semantic evolution

In the old texts the word was both a relative and an interrogative: the Munich word list glosses it as German “als, wann, wenn, da” and “wann?”.[5] Old glossaries render Latin quandō and cum with mikoron or mikor.[6] Transylvanian records of the 16th century use it as a relative in witness statements (1551, 1558) and as an interrogative (1598).[7]

Mikoron has become obsolete.[8] As a relative conjunction mikor has given way in the standard language to amikor, and Wiktionary labels the relative use informal.[1][8] The word also took on causal and concessive senses, as in the Ormánság Hogyne bántana, mikor én ott se vótam! “how could it not hurt me, when I wasn't even there!”.[9][8] Paired, mikor…, mikor… means “sometimes…, sometimes…”.[9][10] Dialect forms include mikó and miko.[11][12]

Timeline

  • c. 1448 – mycoron and mykort in the Jókai Codex (a text written after 1372).[3][4]
  • 1466 – micor in the Munich Codex.[3][4]
  • 1551 – mykor as a relative “when” in a Transylvanian record.[7]
  • 1585 – mikor for Latin quando in Calepinus's dictionary.[13]
  • 1598 – the interrogative in a Transylvanian letter.[7]

Meanings

Adverb

  1. (interrogative) when?, at what time?: Mikor indul a vonat?[8][1]
  2. (relative, informal) When, at the time that; also as soon as, after; amikor: Mikor hazaértem, már aludtak.[8][1]
  3. (relative) whenever, every time that.[8]
  4. (indefinite) If ever; paired, mikor…, mikor… “sometimes…, sometimes…”: Mikor ide megy, mikor oda.[8][9]

Conjunction

  1. Introducing a reason or explanation: since, seeing that; also concessive, “although, whereas”: Miért sietsz, mikor van még időnk?[8]

Word family

  • amikor
  • valamikor
  • akármikor
  • bármikor
  • semmikor
  • mi
  • kor

Usage notes

In answers, mikor hogy means “it depends, sometimes one way, sometimes another”.[8][12]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c Bárczi, Géza (1941), Magyar szófejtő szótár, Budapest: Királyi Magyar Egyetemi Nyomda, p. 116
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Benkő, Loránd (ed.) (1967–1976), A magyar nyelv történeti-etimológiai szótára, 3 vols., Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, p. 2, 915
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Gerstner, Károly (ed.) (2006–), Új magyar etimológiai szótár, Budapest: Nyelvtudományi Kutatóközpont; online at uesz.nytud.hu
  5. ^ a b Szabó T., Ádám (ed.) (1985), A Müncheni Kódex szókincse (Der Wortschatz des Münchener Kodex), with the text of the Müncheni Kódex 1466 ed. Antal Nyíri and Gyula Décsy, Budapest, p. 462
  6. ^ Berrár, Jolán; Károly, Sándor (1984), Régi magyar glosszárium: szótárak, szójegyzékek és glosszák egyesített szótára, Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, p. 496
  7. ^ a b c Szabó T., Attila (ed.) (1975–2014), Erdélyi magyar szótörténeti tár, 14 vols., Bukarest: Kriterion / Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó / Kolozsvár: Erdélyi Múzeum-Egyesület, p. 9, 225
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i Bárczi, Géza; Országh, László (eds.) (1959–1962), A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára, 7 vols., Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó; online at ertelmezo.oszk.hu
  9. ^ a b c Kiss, Géza (1952), Ormánysági szótár, Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, p. 380
  10. ^ Csűry, Bálint (1935–1936), Szamosháti szótár, 2 vols., Budapest: Magyar Nyelvtudományi Társaság, p. 2, 129
  11. ^ Szinnyei, József (1893–1901), Magyar tájszótár, 2 vols., Budapest: Hornyánszky, p. 1, 1457
  12. ^ a b Bálint, Sándor (1957), Szegedi szótár, 2 vols., Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, p. 2, 157
  13. ^ Melich, János (ed.) (1912), Calepinus latin–magyar szótára 1585-ből, Budapest: Magyar Tudományos Akadémia, p. 264

Derived terms

Cite this entry

“Mikor.” Etymologically, 25 Oct. 2026, etymologically.com/hu/mikor. Accessed 26 Oct. 2026.

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