Etymology and origin of the Hungarian word még
- Confidence
- Established
- Formation
- Derivation
- First attested
- c. 1448 Jókai Codex (copy of a text written after 1372)
- Ultimate origin
- Proto-Uralic *miŋä
Pronunciation
- [ˈmeːɡ][1]
Forms
Old and dialect forms: meglen and Meg in the Jókai Codex, meegen (1519), megy (1524), myeg (1550); in the dialects mé and mëg.[2][3]
Etymology
It arose by word split from meg “again, back”: the adverb lengthened its vowel, and the long-vowelled variant settled into roles of its own.[2][3][4] ÚESz and Zaicz start from its sense “again, back”, and add that its conjunction use “besides, and” may have helped.[3][4] TESz describes the same process and rejects the older view that the word is a case form of ma “today” with the suffix -ig.[2]
This adverb is itself a case form of the noun mög “the space behind”, which goes back to Proto-Uralic *miŋä or *müŋä of the Finno-Ugric period.[2][3][5][6] Its cognates include Erzya mejľe and Moksha meľä “later, after”, Finnish myös “also, still, besides” and Northern Sami mâŋŋel “after, later”.[3][6] The Finno-Ugric /ŋ/ became /g/ in Hungarian between vowels.[5]
The development of “behind, back” into “still” and “yet” has parallels elsewhere: EWUng compares German noch “still, besides” beside dennoch “nevertheless”, and TESz still and yet, which also mean both “still” and “however”.[7][2]
Earliest recorded meaning
The first records are in the Jókai Codex, copied about 1448 from a text written after 1372: Meg annakfelete lata tewges vylagofiagot “and beyond that he saw a fiery light”, with meg for még, and the extended form meglen “still”.[2][3] The sense there is “still, even more”.[2][3]
Semantic evolution
TESz explains the many uses of the word from the senses “again” and “besides” of meg: in different positions in the sentence még came to express a relation of time, of circumstance or of degree, and to intensify.[2][4] The Munich Codex of 1466 already uses it for “still” and in the combinations még es and méglen.[8] The Transylvanian records of the 16th and 17th centuries show it for “still, as yet”, “up to now”, “at present” and “from now on”.[9]
Several compounds grew out of fixed combinations with it: mégis “still, nevertheless” and mégsem “still not” are recorded in the Jókai Codex, mégpedig “and indeed” from 1650 and mégse from 1800.[2][10] Mégis, mégsem and mégse became adversative conjunctions, as English and German words for “still” did.[2]
In the dialects még also means “until, while”, the sense of míg, as in Szeged and the Ormánság, and some speakers use it for “only, just” or “perhaps”.[11][12][13]
Timeline
- c. 1448 – Meg “still, even more” and meglen in the Jókai Codex (copy of a text written after 1372); also mégis and mégsem.[2][3]
- 1466 – még, még es and méglen in the Munich Codex.[8]
- 1519 – meegen in the Jordánszky Codex.[2][3]
- 1531 – mégsem “not yet”.[2]
- 1562 – Megy “still” in a Transylvanian letter.[9]
- 1650 – még penig, the first record of mégpedig “and indeed”.[2][10]
- 1800 – mégse “still not; not yet”.[2]
Meanings
Adverb
- still: of an action or state that began earlier and goes on; in negative sentences, yet: Még nem jött haza.[14][1]
- Up to now (with a past verb and a negation): Ilyet még nem láttam.[14]
- Some time in the future, one day: Ezt még megbánod.[14][11]
- Again, once more, especially with egyszer: Mondd még egyszer![14]
- More, in addition, besides: Kérek még egy pohár vizet.[14][1]
- Even (before a comparative): még jobban, még nagyobb.[14][1]
- Even, actually, to stress something surprising: Még ő is eljött.[14][13]
- (dialectal) Only, just: Még most veszem észre.[11][13]
Word family
- mégis
- mégsem
- mégpedig
- mégse
Related words
- meg
- mög
- megint
- ismét
- Finnish myös
Usage notes
The ÉrtSz lists a second még, a popular form of míg “while, until”; the Szeged and Ormánság dictionaries record it too.[14][11][12]
References
- ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Benkő, Loránd (ed.) (1967–1976), A magyar nyelv történeti-etimológiai szótára, 3 vols., Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, p. 2, 874
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Gerstner, Károly (ed.) (2006–), Új magyar etimológiai szótár, Budapest: Nyelvtudományi Kutatóközpont; online at uesz.nytud.hu
- ^ a b c Zaicz, Gábor (ed.) (2006), Etimológiai szótár: magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete, Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó
- ^ a b Lakó, György (ed.) (1967–1978), A magyar szókészlet finnugor elemei, 3 vols., Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, p. 2, 425
- ^ a b Rédei, Károly (ed.) (1986–1991), Uralisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó / Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz; online as Uralonet, uralonet.nytud.hu
- ^ Benkő, Loránd (ed.) (1993–1997), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Ungarischen, 3 vols., Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, p. 998
- ^ a b Szabó T., Ádám (ed.) (1985), A Müncheni Kódex szókincse (Der Wortschatz des Münchener Kodex), with the text of the Müncheni Kódex 1466 ed. Antal Nyíri and Gyula Décsy, Budapest, p. 442
- ^ a b Szabó T., Attila (ed.) (1975–2014), Erdélyi magyar szótörténeti tár, 14 vols., Bukarest: Kriterion / Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó / Kolozsvár: Erdélyi Múzeum-Egyesület, p. 8, 272
- ^ a b Benkő, Loránd (ed.) (1993–1997), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Ungarischen, 3 vols., Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó
- ^ a b c d Bálint, Sándor (1957), Szegedi szótár, 2 vols., Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, p. 2, 97
- ^ a b Kiss, Géza (1952), Ormánysági szótár, Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, p. 368
- ^ a b c Csűry, Bálint (1935–1936), Szamosháti szótár, 2 vols., Budapest: Magyar Nyelvtudományi Társaság, p. 2, 70
- ^ a b c d e f g h Bárczi, Géza; Országh, László (eds.) (1959–1962), A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára, 7 vols., Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó; online at ertelmezo.oszk.hu
Cite this entry
“Még.” Etymologically, 25 Oct. 2026, etymologically.com/hu/m%C3%A9g. Accessed 26 Oct. 2026.
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