egy
Pronunciation
- [ˈɛɟː][1]
Forms
egy (accusative egyet); as a numeral pronounced with a long gy[2][3] Old spellings: ig and igg (c. 1195), eggen (Old Hungarian Lament of Mary), egy (Jókai Codex), eegy (1519).[4][5] Dialect forms include ed, ëggy, öggy and ëtty.[4][5]
Etymology
It was formed in Hungarian, but how is disputed.[4][6][5][7] The first explanation takes it for a fixed case form: the near demonstrative e (“this”) (see ez) with the ablative suffix ⟨-l⟩, the /l/ becoming /ɟ/ by palatalisation and affrication; it would then be the same formation as így.[4][6][5][7] The second explanation, which the MSzFE prefers, derives it from Hungarian e (“this”) + -gy (“nominal suffix”), the suffix also seen in ⟨így⟩, úgy and hogy.[8][5][7] On either view the demonstrative goes back to Proto-Uralic *e- (“this”).[1]
The numeral meaning would have arisen in contrast with más “other”, with which the word was often paired: “this here” > “the first of two, the one” > “one”.[4][6][5] Numerals from demonstratives are found elsewhere too: Khanty it (“one; that”) (Synya dialect), Finnish ensi (“first”), Latin ūnus and German ein.[4][5][7]
A third view, that it split off from the stem of elő “front” (⟨*el-⟩ > ⟨egy⟩, “in front” > “first” > “one”), is much less likely, because the vowel of ⟨egy⟩ was originally close.[4][5] Bárczi had compared Finnish otsa (“forehead”) and related words for “front part”, admitting phonological and semantic difficulties.[9] Wiktionary mentions a suggested link with Proto-Uralic *ede (“front”).[1]
Earliest recorded meaning
The word first appears in the Funeral Sermon and Prayer of about 1195, in the prohibition of the fruit of ig fa “one tree”, and in the statement that not igg ember “one man” can escape this pit.[4][5][8] The sense there is the numeral “one”.[4]
Semantic evolution
TESz and ÚESz date the uses of the word one after another: the numeral from about 1195; the pronoun “the one (of two)” from the Jókai Codex (copied about 1448), “someone” from 1519 and “some, a certain” from 1585; the indefinite article also from the Jókai Codex; and the adjective, “related by blood” about 1405, “identical, forming a unit” in the Munich Codex of 1466, “only, sole” in 1456, “of one mind” in 1474, and “full of, sheer” in 1935.[4][5] The adverb “about, roughly” before numerals is dated by TESz from Kriza's Székely collection of 1863, by EWUng and ÚESz already from 1578; a noun “siblings” is recorded in 1555.[4][6][5][10]
In the Schlägl glossary of about 1405 patruus “paternal uncle” is glossed with atyadal elew eg, where egy means “of the same blood”.[11][4] In egyik “one of them” the ending is the third person plural possessive suffix, so that its first sense was “one of them”; when this was forgotten, new possessive endings were added: egyikünk, egyiketek.[4] The language reform made egység “unity”, egységesít “to unify” and egyke.[4][5]
Dialects use egy as an intensifier, csupa egy sár “nothing but mud”, and in the sense “about”.[12][13][14]
Timeline
- c. 1195 – ig fa “one tree” and igg ember in the Funeral Sermon and Prayer.[4][5]
- 13th century – the derivative egyed “only child”, eggedum, in the Old Hungarian Lament of Mary.[4][5]
- c. 1405 – eg “related by blood” in the Schlägl glossary.[4][11]
- c. 1448 – the pronoun egy “the one”, the indefinite article and egyik in the Jókai Codex (copy of a text written after 1372).[4][5]
- c. 1450 – eccer “once” (egyszer) in the Vienna Codex.[4]
- 1456 – “only, sole”, in the Sermones Dominicales.[4][5]
- 1470 – egység “simplicity”;[5] “unity” from 1508.[5]
- 1645 – egységes “uniform”.[5][7]
- 1806 – egyke.[7]
- 1863 – “about, roughly” in Kriza's Székely collection.[4][10]
- 1873 – egységesít “to unify”.[7]
Meanings
Numeral
- one: the first whole number, and the amount it denotes: egy alma.[2][1]
- Stressed: only one, a single; with a negative, not one, none: Egy szót sem szólt.[2]
- Whole, undivided; continuous: egy életen át.[2]
Article
Pronoun
Adjective
Adverb
Word family
- egyik
- egyed
- egyedül
- egyes
- egyetlen
- egyszer
- egyszerre
- egység
- egységes
- egyke
- együtt
- egymás
- egyaránt
- egyelőre
- együgyű
- egyszerű
- mindegy
Related words
Usage notes
As a numeral it is stressed and pronounced with a long gy; as the article it is unstressed and cannot take endings.[2] A rhyming saying of the numeral is Egy, megérett a meggy.[3]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d e f g h Bárczi, Géza; Országh, László (eds.) (1959–1962), A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára, 7 vols., Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó; online at ertelmezo.oszk.hu
- ^ a b c Czuczor, Gergely; Fogarasi, János (1862–1874), A magyar nyelv szótára, 6 vols., Pest: Emich Gusztáv / Athenaeum
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Benkő, Loránd (ed.) (1967–1976), A magyar nyelv történeti-etimológiai szótára, 3 vols., Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, p. 1, 716
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Gerstner, Károly (ed.) (2006–), Új magyar etimológiai szótár, Budapest: Nyelvtudományi Kutatóközpont; online at uesz.nytud.hu
- ^ a b c d Benkő, Loránd (ed.) (1993–1997), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Ungarischen, 3 vols., Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, p. 347
- ^ a b c d e f g Zaicz, Gábor (ed.) (2006), Etimológiai szótár: magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete, Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó
- ^ a b Lakó, György (ed.) (1967–1978), A magyar szókészlet finnugor elemei, 3 vols., Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, p. 1, 141
- ^ Bárczi, Géza (1941), Magyar szófejtő szótár, Budapest: Királyi Magyar Egyetemi Nyomda, p. 42
- ^ a b Kriza, János (1863), Vadrózsák: székely népköltési gyűjtemény (with its Tájszótár), Kolozsvár, p. 27
- ^ a b Berrár, Jolán; Károly, Sándor (1984), Régi magyar glosszárium: szótárak, szójegyzékek és glosszák egyesített szótára, Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó
- ^ Bálint, Sándor (1957), Szegedi szótár, 2 vols., Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, p. 1, 313
- ^ Kiss, Géza (1952), Ormánysági szótár, Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, p. 115
- ^ a b B. Lőrinczy, Éva (ed.) (1979–2010), Új magyar tájszótár, 5 vols., Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, p. 2, 30