σχολή
Pronunciation
- IPA (5th-century BC Attic): /skʰo.lɛ̌ː/[1]
- IPA (4th-century AD Koine): /sxoˈli/[1]
- IPA (10th-century Byzantine): /sxoˈli/[1]
Forms
σχολή (skholḗ) f (genitive σχολῆς); first declension[1]
Etymology
It is inherited from Proto-Hellenic *skʰolā́ (“holding back”), from the root *seǵʰ- (“to hold”).[1] Frisk explains it as originally “holding back, stopping”, formed from the aorist stem of σχεῖν (skheîn), the aorist of ἔχω (ékhō, “to hold”), with a suffix in /l/; its /o/ follows the many verbal nouns such as βολή (bolḗ) and στολή (stolḗ).[2][1] The Πάπυρος dictionary calls the etymology uncertain, because both the /o/ and the suffix are problems.[3]
Earliest recorded meaning
Its first recorded use is in Pindar (Nemean 10.46), for leisure.[4][5]
Semantic evolution
In Classical Greek it is leisure, free time and rest: Herodotus, Euripides and Thucydides say σχολὴν ἄγειν “to be at leisure”, and Aristotle opposes it to ἀσχολία (askholíā) “business”.[5][6] Tragedy uses it for slowness and delay, and Plato for a pastime, a way of using free time.[6] Aristotle uses it for a lecture or discussion and for a group of scholars, and the New Testament and Plutarch for the school of a particular teacher; it also came to mean the lecture hall itself.[6][2][1] In late Greek the plural named the imperial guard, Latin scholae.[1]
Latin borrowed it as schola.[7][1] Its derivative σχόλιον (skhólion) meant an explanation or commentary, a scholion.[2] Modern Greek σχολή “school, faculty” is learned, with senses taken from French école and faculté and German Fakultät;[8] σκόλη “holiday” is a medieval back-formation from σχολάζω (skholázō).[8]
Timeline
- 6th–5th century BC – Pindar uses it for leisure.[4][5][9]
- 5th century BC – Herodotus and Thucydides use the phrase “to be at leisure”.[5][9]
- 5th–4th century BC – Plato uses it for a pastime.[6][9]
- 4th century BC – Aristotle uses it for a lecture and for a group of scholars.[6][9]
- 1st century AD – The New Testament uses it for a teacher's school.[6]
- Modern Greek – σχολή means a school or faculty.[8]
Meanings
Noun
- Leisure, free time, rest.[5][6]
- Leisureliness, slowness, delay.[6]
- A leisure pursuit, pastime.[6]
- A lecture, learned discussion.[6][1]
- A group of scholars; a school; a lecture hall.[6][1]
- (plural, late) The imperial guard.[1]
Word family
- ἀποσχολάζω (aposkholázō)
- ἀσχολέω (askholéō)
- ἀσχολία (askholíā)
- ἄσχολος (áskholos)
- σχολάζω (skholázō)
- σχολαῖος (skholaîos)
- σχολαιότης (skholaiótēs)
- σχολαστής (skholastḗs)
- σχολαστικός (skholastikós)
- σχολεῖον (skholeîon)
- σχολερός (skholerós)
- σχολικός (skholikós)
- σχόλιον (skhólion)
- σχολύδριον (skholúdrion)
Related words
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c Frisk, Hjalmar (1960–1972), Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3 vols, Heidelberg: Carl Winter
- ^ Πάπυρος–Larousse–Britannica, Μέγα Λεξικό της Ελληνικής Γλώσσας, Athens: Πάπυρος
- ^ a b Keersmaekers, Alek (2021–2025), GLAUx: The Greek Language Automated corpus, https://github.com/alekkeersmaekers/glaux
- ^ a b c d e Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; Jones, Henry Stuart (1940), A Greek-English Lexicon, 9th ed., Oxford: Clarendon Press
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Diggle, James, et al., eds. (2021), The Cambridge Greek Lexicon, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
- ^ Saalfeld, Günther Alexander (1874), Index Graecorum vocabulorum in linguam latinam translatorum, Berlin: Weidmann
- ^ a b c Ινστιτούτο Νεοελληνικών Σπουδών (Ίδρυμα Μανόλη Τριανταφυλλίδη) (1998), Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής, Thessaloniki: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- ^ a b c d Rodríguez Adrados, Francisco, et al., eds. (1980–), Diccionario Griego-Español, Madrid: CSIC, http://dge.cchs.csic.es/xdge