*teuhaną

Reconstruction

The infinitive is *teuhaną in Ringe and Wiktionary,^[1][2] cited by its stem *teuhan- in Kroonen^[3] and as *teuxanan in Orel;^[4] Köbler writes *teuhan.^[5]

Etymology

It is from Proto-Indo-European *dewk- (“to pull, lead”):^[2][6] Kroonen derives it from a West European present *déuk-e-, formally identical with Latin dūcō (“to lead, conduct”).^[3]

Morphology

A strong verb of class II.^[7][8] Ringe gives the principal parts *teuhaną, *tauh, *tugun, *tuganaz, with the grammatical change of *h to *g in the past plural and participle.^[1] Mailhammer puts it among the strong verbs with an accepted IE etymology.^[7]

Evidence

The verb is attested in all three branches: Gothic 𐍄𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽 (tiuhan), the participle Old Norse toginn (“drawn”), and Old English tēon, Old Frisian tiā, Old Saxon tiohan and Old High German ziohan in West Germanic.^[3][4] In Old Norse the strong verb survives only in the participle; the infinitive with the sense "to pull" is lost, and the weak Old Norse tjóa (“to help”) continues it.^[9][10] The Gothic verb is in Wulfila's Bible, for instance at Luke 6:39 and John 18:28.^[11] Outside Germanic, Kroonen and Orel compare Latin dūcō, Welsh dwyn (“to lead, carry”) and Albanian nduk (“to pull out”).^[3][4]

Competing analyses

Koivulehto derived Proto-Finnic *johta-, the Finnic verb "to lead" (Finnish johtaa), from a Proto-Norse form of the verb, *tiuh- or *tioh-.^[10] LÄGLOS points out that this requires the Germanic diphthong to have become rising already, and a substitution of a Finnic initial j for the Germanic cluster, for which there is no parallel.^[10]

Meanings

1. to pull^[3][5][1]
2. to lead^[1][2]
3. to pull behind oneself, to draw, to drag^[2]

Köbler adds "to help", after the Old Norse verb.^[5] Gothic used it for "to lead, to guide",^[3] Old Saxon and Old High German also for "to educate, to bring up",^[3] and Old Frisian also for "to support" and "to witness".^[12]

Derivatives

• *taumaz "rein, bridle, rope", a mo-stem from earlier *taugmaz.^[13][14]
• *tuhtiz "pulling", a ti-stem, continued in Gothic 𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐍃 (ustauhts, “completion”).^[15][16]
• *tukkōną "to pull, to jerk", the iterative, Kroonen's *tukk/gōn-.^[15][17]
• *taugō "pulling; cord, rope", an ō-stem with the o-grade of the root.^[18][19]
• *tugnaną "to be led, to be pulled", a verb in *-n-.^[6][20]
• *taugijaną "to stretch, to draw".^[21] Orel writes the causative *tauʒjanan.^[22]

Reflexes

• Gothic: 𐍄𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽 (tiuhan, “to pull, to lead”)^[23]
• Old Norse: toginn (“drawn”), the past participle^[24]
• Old English: tēon (“to pull, draw, lead”)^[25]
• Old Frisian: tiā (“to pull, to bring up, to support”)^[12]
• Old Saxon: tiohan (“to pull, to educate”)^[8]
• Old High German: ziohan (“to pull, to lead, to bring up”)^[26]

References

1. ^ a b c d Ringe, Don (2017), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 268
2. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *teuhaną
3. ^ a b c d e f g Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 515
4. ^ a b c Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 405
5. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *teuhan
6. ^ a b Ringe, Don (2017), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 246
7. ^ a b Mailhammer, Robert (2007), The Germanic Strong Verbs: Foundations and Development of a New System, Trends in Linguistics 183, Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter, p. 217
8. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. tiohan
9. ^ de Vries, Jan (1977), Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. 592, 594
10. ^ a b c Kylstra, A. D.; Hahmo, Sirkka-Liisa; Hofstra, Tette; Nikkilä, Osmo (1991–2012), Lexikon der älteren germanischen Lehnwörter in den ostseefinnischen Sprachen, 3 vols, Amsterdam / Atlanta / New York: Rodopi, p. 140
11. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. tiuhan
12. ^ a b Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. tiā
13. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 511
14. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *taumaz
15. ^ a b Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 525
16. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *tuhtiz
17. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *tukkōną
18. ^ Ringe, Don (2017), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 247
19. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *taugō
20. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *tugnaną
21. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *taugijaną
22. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 402
23. ^ Feist, Sigmund (1939), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. tiuhan
24. ^ de Vries, Jan (1977), Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. 594
25. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. téon
26. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 6th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. ziohan