*fullaz

Reconstruction

The adjective is *fullaz in Orel, Ringe and Wiktionary,^[1][2][3] the stem *fulla- in Kroonen^[4] and *fulla-, *fullaz, *fulna-, *fulnaz in Köbler.^[5]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁nós (“full”), the old past participle of Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁- (“to fill”),^[3][2] through *pulnos.^[6] Kroonen writes the preform *plh₁-nó- and the root *pelh₁-.^[4]

Morphology

An a-stem adjective,^[7] formed with the suffix *-no-.^[8] Its *ll comes from earlier *ln: Ringe counts it among the three secure examples of this change,^[6] and Kroonen uses it to illustrate the development.^[9] Kroonen cites it as an example of the doubling of the resonants, *fulla- from *plh₁-nó-.^[10] Bammesberger finds that the assimilation hides the formation within Germanic.^[11]

Evidence

The word is attested in all three branches: Gothic 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐍃 (fulls) in Gothic, Old Norse fullr in Old Norse, and Old English full, Old Saxon full and Old High German fol in West Germanic.^[4] Finnish pullea (“round, plump”) may be an early loan made before *ln became *ll: LÄGLOS gives the source as early Proto-Germanic *fulna-z and, following Aikio, finds the explanation sound in form and meaning.^[12] Its cognates include Old Irish lán (“full”) and Lithuanian pilnas (“full”).^[4]

Competing analyses

Kroonen keeps apart a neuter *fulla- "cup", continued in Old Norse full (“goblet”) and Old English full (“cup”), as an Indo-European word for a vessel unrelated to the adjective.^[4] De Vries rejects Torp's explanation of the noun as a "filled cup" from the adjective and follows Holthausen's comparison with Latin pelvis (“basin”),^[13] while Orel derives the noun from the adjective.^[1]

Meanings

1. full^[4][1][3]
2. whole, entire^[3]

Gothic also used it for "complete, perfect",^[7] and Old High German for "pregnant" and "laden".^[14]

Derivatives

• *fullijaną "to fill",^[15] continued in Gothic 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fulljan) and Old English fyllan;^[1] Ringe notes that its *-ij- may reflect PIE *-e-yé-, since it is formed from an o-stem.^[16]
• *fullōną "to fill, to fulfil" and *fullnaną "to become full".^[17][18]
• *fullį̄ "fullness",^[19] which Orel writes *fullīn.^[1]
• *uberfullaz "overfull".^[20]
• As the second part of compounds, *-fullaz "-ful": *mainafullaz "evil, wicked" and *surgōfullaz "sorrowful".^[21][22]

Reflexes

• Gothic: 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐍃 (fulls, “full”)^[23]
• Old Norse: fullr (“full”)^[13]
• Old English: full (“full”)^[24]
• Old Frisian: full (“full”)^[25]
• Old Saxon: ful (“full, filled, whole”)^[26]
• Old High German: fol (“full, filled, perfect, whole, pregnant”)^[14]

References

1. ^ a b c d e Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 118
2. ^ a b Ringe, Don (2017), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 101
3. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *fullaz
4. ^ a b c d e f Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 159
5. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *fulla-
6. ^ a b Ringe, Don (2017), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 165
7. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. fulls
8. ^ Bammesberger, Alfred (1986), Der Aufbau des germanischen Verbalsystems, Heidelberg: Winter, p. 102
9. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 23
10. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2011), The Proto-Germanic n-stems: A Study in Diachronic Morphophonology, Leiden Studies in Indo-European 18, Amsterdam / New York: Rodopi, p. 57
11. ^ Bammesberger, Alfred (1990), Die Morphologie des urgermanischen Nomens, Heidelberg: Winter, p. 245
12. ^ Kylstra, A. D.; Hahmo, Sirkka-Liisa; Hofstra, Tette; Nikkilä, Osmo (1991–2012), Lexikon der älteren germanischen Lehnwörter in den ostseefinnischen Sprachen, 3 vols, Amsterdam / Atlanta / New York: Rodopi, p. 77
13. ^ a b de Vries, Jan (1977), Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. 146
14. ^ a b Lloyd, Albert L.; Springer, Otto; Lühr, Rosemarie, et al. (1988–), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; online ewa.saw-leipzig.de, p. s.v. fol
15. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *fullijaną
16. ^ Ringe, Don (2017), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 145
17. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *fullōną
18. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *fullnaną
19. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *fullį̄
20. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *uberfullaz
21. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *mainafullaz
22. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *surgōfullaz
23. ^ Feist, Sigmund (1939), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. 111
24. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. full 2
25. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altfriesisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. full
26. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. ful