*gaʀd

Reconstruction

Ringe and Taylor reconstruct Proto-West Germanic *gazd "goad",^[1] which Wiktionary writes *gaʀd.^[2]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *gazdaz (“goad”),^[1] which Kroonen cites by its stem *gazda- "prickle" and Orel as *ʒazđaz.^[3][4] Ringe and Taylor treat it under the development of *z before a coronal consonant, which was not uniform in West Germanic; the usual outcome was ⟨r⟩, and in this word and a few others with *a before the cluster Old English shows further complications.^[1]

Morphology

A masculine a-stem in Old High German.^[5][6] Köbler leaves the gender and stem class of the Old Saxon word open.^[7]

Evidence

Old High German gart "goad, sting" is recorded from the 9th century in glosses.^[5] As its West Germanic counterparts EWA lists only Old Saxon ⟨-gard⟩ in personal names and later Low German and Dutch forms,^[5] and Köbler adds a gloss Old Saxon gart on Latin virga of the early 11th century, which may be High German.^[7] Old English and Old Frisian have the derivative Old English gierd, Old Frisian jerde "rod".^[1][8] EWA keeps Old English gād (“goad, point”) apart.^[5] Gamillscheg derives the family of French jars (“gander”) and of a dialect verb, from Frankish *gardjan and Frankish *gard (“goad, rod”), latinised as *gardis, the sense passing from "rod, goad" to "generative organ";^[9] EWA finds it unclear, because of the different meaning, whether Old French jart (“rough hair in wool”) is borrowed from a West Frankish *gard.^[5]

Meanings

1. goad^[1][2]
2. rod, staff^[2][7]

Derivatives

• *gaʀdi "rod", which Wiktionary reconstructs;^[10] Ringe and Taylor reconstruct it as the ī-stem *gazdi, the source of the Old English and Old Frisian words for "rod" and of Old Saxon gerdia and Old High German gertia.^[1][11]

Reflexes

• Old Saxon: gard (“rod, staff”)^[7]
• Old High German: gart (“goad, sting, point”)^[5]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f Ringe, Don; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English, A Linguistic History of English II, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 84
2. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *gaʀd
3. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 172
4. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 129
5. ^ a b c d e f Lloyd, Albert L.; Springer, Otto; Lühr, Rosemarie, et al. (1988–), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; online ewa.saw-leipzig.de, p. s.v. gart¹
6. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 6th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. gart
7. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. gard
8. ^ Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. gierd
9. ^ Gamillscheg, Ernst (1966–1969), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der französischen Sprache, 2nd, fully revised ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. s.v. jars
10. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *gaʀdi
11. ^ Ringe, Don; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English, A Linguistic History of English II, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 286