*daud

Reconstruction

Wiktionary reconstructs the adjective *daud.^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *daudaz (“dead”),^[2][3] which Kroonen and Heidermanns cite by its stem *dauda- and Orel as *đauđaz.^[3][4][5] Ringe and Taylor give it as an example of Proto-West Germanic *au, which appears in most Old English dialects as ⟨ēa⟩: Proto-Germanic *daudaz gave Old English dēad and Old Frisian dād.^[2] Schaffner finds the verbal adjective *dauda- secured by Old High German, Old English, Old Saxon and Old Frisian; the -þ- of Gothic 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 (dauþs) was taken from the noun Gothic 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌿𐍃 (dauþus, “death”).^[6][7][5]

Morphology

An adjective.^[8][9] Kroonen takes it for the original past participle of *daujan- "to die",^[3] and Schaffner for the to-adjective of that strong verb of class VI.^[7]

Evidence

The adjective is attested in all the West Germanic languages: Old English dēad, Old Frisian dād, Old Saxon dōd and Old High German tōt.^[2] Old Frisian also has dāth and once ⟨thāth⟩, which show the merger of final -d and -þ, kept apart in the archaic language of the first Rüstring manuscript;^[10] Kroonen counts dād beside dōd among the Old Frisian spellings with a and o for Proto-Germanic *au.^[11] Old Saxon has it in the Heliand and the Genesis,^[8] Old High German from the 8th century,^[9] and Old Dutch in Williram's commentary of 1100.^[12][13] Heidermanns, by contrast, finds the Dutch word only from Middle Dutch doot on.^[4]

Meanings

1. dead^[2][1]

Old English also used the word for "stiff", "numb", "sluggish" and "curdled",^[14] and Old Frisian for "unconscious", "invalid" and "settled".^[15]

Derivatives

• *daudijan "to kill", which Wiktionary reconstructs;^[16] Köbler sets up Old English *dīedan "to kill", recorded with the prefix ā-.^[17]
• *daudēn "to die", which Wiktionary reconstructs;^[18] Old English has dēadian (“to die”) in glosses.^[19]

Reflexes

• Old English: dēad (“dead, stiff, numb, sluggish”)^[14]
• Old Frisian: dād (“dead, unconscious, invalid”)^[15]
• Old Saxon: dōd (“dead”)^[20]
• Old Dutch: dōt (“dead”)^[12]
• Old High German: tōt (“dead, deceased”)^[9]

References

1. ^ a b Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *daud
2. ^ a b c d Ringe, Don; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English, A Linguistic History of English II, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 172
3. ^ a b c Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 90
4. ^ a b Heidermanns, Frank (1993), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive, Berlin / New York: De Gruyter, p. s.v. dauda-
5. ^ a b Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 69
6. ^ Schaffner, Stefan (2001), Das Vernersche Gesetz und der innerparadigmatische grammatische Wechsel des Urgermanischen im Nominalbereich, Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft 103, Innsbruck, p. 259
7. ^ a b Schaffner, Stefan (2001), Das Vernersche Gesetz und der innerparadigmatische grammatische Wechsel des Urgermanischen im Nominalbereich, Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft 103, Innsbruck, p. 282
8. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. dôd
9. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 6th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. tōt
10. ^ Boutkan, Dirk; Siebinga, Sjoerd Michiel (2005), Old Frisian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 1, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. dad
11. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 217
12. ^ a b Oudnederlands Woordenboek (2009–), Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal, Leiden; gtb.ivdnt.org, p. s.v. dōt
13. ^ Köbler, Gerhard, Altniederfränkisches Wörterbuch, online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. dōd* 1
14. ^ a b Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. dēad
15. ^ a b Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. dād
16. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *daudijan
17. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *díedan
18. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *daudēn
19. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. déadian
20. ^ Berr, Samuel (1971), An Etymological Glossary to the Old Saxon Heliand, Berne / Frankfurt: Herbert Lang, p. 82