*haitaz

Reconstruction

The adjective is *haitaz in Wiktionary,^[1] *xaitaz in Orel,^[2] and *haita- in Kroonen, Köbler and Heidermanns.^[3][4][5]

Etymology

Wiktionary derives it from Proto-Indo-European *keHy- (“to be hot”), through a PIE *keHid-o-s.^[1] Kroonen calls it an o-grade adjective *koid-o- formed within Germanic to a root *keid-, which has no certain cognate outside Germanic.^[3]

Morphology

An adjective with the o-grade of the root.^[3] Kroonen thinks the adjective and the inchoative Old Norse hitna (“to heat up”) imply a strong verb *hītan-, which is not attested.^[3] EWA sees a derivative with the suffix *-ta- to the noun Old High German hei (“heat”),^[6][7] and Heidermanns likewise a d-extension of the root *kai- "to burn" found in Old High German gihei (“heat”).^[5]

Evidence

The adjective is attested only in North and West Germanic:^[5] Old Norse heitr, Old English hāt, Old Frisian hēt, Old Saxon hēt and Old High German heiz.^[3] Gothic has only the ablauting noun Gothic 𐌷𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍉 (heito, “fever”).^[8][6]

Competing analyses

Heidermanns and de Vries see a t-extension of the same root in Lithuanian kaĩsti (“to become hot”),^[5][9] but Kroonen calls this link wrong: the Lithuanian root kait- was borrowed from Germanic *haita-.^[7] Bammesberger and Schubert set up a Gothic adjective *heits for the base of the Gothic noun, which Casaretto thinks less likely.^[10][11]

Meanings

1. hot^[3][4][1]

Old English also used it for "excited, violent", and Old High German for "eager, ardent".^[12][5]

Derivatives

• *haitį̄ "heat",^[13] Köbler's *haitī-.^[14]
• *haitijaną "to heat",^[15] Orel's *xaitjanan, in Old Norse heita, Old English hǣtan and Old High German heizen.^[16]
• *haitēn "to become hot", in Old English hātian and Old High German heizēn.^[17]
• With the zero grade, *hitjō- "heat", in Old Saxon hittia and Old High German hizza.^[18]

Reflexes

• Old Norse: heitr (“hot”)^[9]
• Old English: hāt (“hot, burning, glowing”)^[12]
• Old Frisian: hēt (“hot, glowing, fierce”)^[19]
• Old Saxon: hēt (“hot, burning”)^[20]
• Old High German: heiz (“hot, glowing, burning, fiery”)^[6]
• Gothic has no form of the adjective.^[5]

References

1. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *haitaz
2. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *xaitaz
3. ^ a b c d e f Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 202
4. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *haita-
5. ^ a b c d e f Heidermanns, Frank (1993), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive, Berlin / New York: De Gruyter, p. s.v. haita-
6. ^ a b c Lloyd, Albert L.; Springer, Otto; Lühr, Rosemarie, et al. (1988–), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; online ewa.saw-leipzig.de, p. s.v. heiz
7. ^ a b Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 203
8. ^ Feist, Sigmund (1939), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. heito
9. ^ a b de Vries, Jan (1977), Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. heitr
10. ^ Bammesberger, Alfred (1990), Die Morphologie des urgermanischen Nomens, Heidelberg: Winter, p. 179
11. ^ Casaretto, Antje (2004), Nominale Wortbildung der gotischen Sprache: Die Derivation der Substantive, Heidelberg: Winter, p. s.v. heito
12. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. hāt
13. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *haitį̄
14. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *haitī-
15. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *haitijaną
16. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *xaitjanan
17. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *haitēn
18. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 227
19. ^ Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. hēt
20. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. hêt