*hlūdaz

Reconstruction

The adjective is *hlūdaz in Wiktionary,^[1] *hlūda- in Kroonen and Köbler,^[2][3] and *xlūđaz in Orel;^[4] Köbler also allows *hlūþa-.^[3]

Etymology

Wiktionary has it inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlutós, from *ḱlew- (“to hear; famous”),^[1] and Kroonen derives it from the root *kleu- "to listen".^[2][5]

Morphology

Bammesberger analyses it as a to-formation to the root.^[6] Its long *ū is the difficulty: since the root did not end in a laryngeal, Kroonen thinks the length arose within Germanic, and suggests a vṛddhi gerundive meaning "hearable".^[2] Wiktionary calls the origin of the long vowel unclear.^[1] EWA sets up Proto-West Germanic *χlūđa- beside a short-vowelled *χluþa- of Proto-Germanic, and explains the West Germanic form as a new full grade *-ū- built to the short form instead of the regular full grade *-eu̯-, as in the verb *lūk-e/a- "to close".^[7]

Evidence

The adjective is attested only in West Germanic: Old English hlūd, Old Frisian hlūd, Old Saxon hlūd and Old High German lūt, also spelt hlūt.^[2][7] The short form *χluþa- survives only in personal names in Old English, Frankish and German,^[7] and Köbler finds it in Gothic names.^[8] North Germanic and Gothic have instead the regular full grade *χleu̯đ/þa-: Old Norse hljóðr (“quiet, silent”) and the noun hljóð (“listening, silence, sound”), and Gothic 𐌷𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸 (hliuþ, “listening”).^[7] Orel compares Ancient Greek κλυτός (klutós, “famous”) and Welsh clywed (“heard”).^[4]

Competing analyses

Orel sets up *xlūđaz "loud", which stands close to IE *k̂lutós, and, separately, a short *xluđaz "famous", which continues IE *k̂lutó- directly, like Latin inclutus (“famous”), and which he finds only in an Old High German personal name.^[4] Köbler treats "loud" and "famous" as senses of one adjective.^[3] Bammesberger does not doubt the connection with the root *klew-, but finds the long ū unexpected in a to-formation from the zero grade.^[6]

Meanings

1. loud^[2][4][1][3]
2. audible, heard^[9][10]
3. famous^[1][3]

Kroonen considers that the adjective may first have meant "hearable".^[2] Old High German also used it for "clearly audible" and "known".^[7]

Derivatives

• *hlūdą "sound", a substantivisation of the adjective.^[11]
• *xlūđjanan in Orel, *hlūdjan in Köbler, "to sound".^[4][12]
• *hlūdī- "sound" in Köbler, from Old High German lūtī.^[13]
• The names *Hlūdaharjaz and *Hlūdahildiz.^[14][15]

Reflexes

• Old English: hlūd (“loud, sounding”)^[16]
• Old Frisian: hlūd (“loud”)^[17]
• Old Saxon: hlūd (“loud”)^[10]
• Old Dutch: lūt-, as the first element of a place name of 1129^[7]
• Old High German: lūt (“loud, resounding, clearly audible, known”)^[7]

References

1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *hlūdaz
2. ^ a b c d e f Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 231
3. ^ a b c d e Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *hlūda-
4. ^ a b c d e Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 178
5. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 230
6. ^ a b Bammesberger, Alfred (1990), Die Morphologie des urgermanischen Nomens, Heidelberg: Winter
7. ^ a b c d e f g Lloyd, Albert L.; Springer, Otto; Lühr, Rosemarie, et al. (1988–), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; online ewa.saw-leipzig.de, p. s.v. lût
8. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *hluþ-
9. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. hlūd
10. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. hlūd
11. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *hlūdą
12. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *hlūdjan
13. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *hlūdī-
14. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *Hlūdaharjaz
15. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *Hlūdahildiz
16. ^ Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. hlūd
17. ^ Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. hlūd