*skeutaną

Reconstruction

The infinitive is *skeutaną in Wiktionary,^[1] *skeutanan in Orel^[2] and *skeutan in Köbler;^[3] Kroonen cites the stem *skeutan-,^[4] Seebold SKEUT-A-.^[5]

Etymology

The traditional etymology, which Köbler and Lehmann follow, has it from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewd- (“to throw, to shoot”).^[3][6][1]

Morphology

A strong verb of class II.^[7][3][5] Mailhammer classes its IE etymology as inexact.^[7]

Evidence

The verb is attested in Crimean Gothic, as schieten "to shoot an arrow",^[6] and in North and West Germanic: Old Norse skjóta, Old English scēotan, Old Frisian skiāta, Old Saxon skiotan and Old High German skiozan.^[4][2]

Competing analyses

Feist set up an IE root *skeud- because of Albanian hedh (“to throw”), and rejected the comparison with the Sanskrit verb "to hasten" and the Old Church Slavonic verb "to throw";^[8][4] Orel connects only the Albanian verb.^[2] Kroonen rejects the whole series: the Sanskrit verb is unattested, and he takes the strong verb as a back-formation from the iterative *skuttōną, formed to a Pre-Germanic root *sket- as in Lithuanian skàsti (“to jump”).^[4] He argues that the zero grade of the iterative is secondary, beside o-grade variants in Middle High German and Norwegian, so that the root can no longer be *skeud-.^[9] Wiktionary reports both views.^[1]

Meanings

1. to shoot, especially an arrow^[4][1][3]
2. to dash^[4][1]

Old Norse used it also for "to push, to send, to throw, to pay",^[10] Old English for "to hurl, to strike, to run, to contribute",^[11] and Old Frisian for "to contribute".^[12]

Derivatives

• *skutą "shot" and *skutiz "shooting", a zero-grade i-stem.^[13][14][15]
• *skeutaz "fast, swift", a deverbal adjective.^[16][2]
• *skautaz "corner, projection", from the sense "to jut out".^[17][18]
• *skuttōną "to shoot, to shove", the iterative.^[14][19]
• In Orel, *skutjōn "marksman".^[20]

Reflexes

• Crimean Gothic: schieten "to shoot an arrow"^[8]
• Old Norse: skjóta (“to shoot, to push, to throw”)^[10]
• Old English: scēotan (“to shoot, to hurl, to throw”)^[11]
• Old Frisian: skiāta (“to shoot, to contribute”)^[12]
• Old Saxon: skiotan (“to shoot”)^[21]
• Old High German: skiozan (“to shoot arrows, to hurl, to strike”)^[22]

References

1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *skeutaną
2. ^ a b c d Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 339
3. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *skeutan
4. ^ a b c d e f Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 445
5. ^ a b Seebold, Elmar (1970), Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben, The Hague / Paris: Mouton, p. SKEUT-A-
6. ^ a b Lehmann, Winfred P. (1986), A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, based on the third edition of Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache by Sigmund Feist, Leiden: Brill, p. 326
7. ^ a b Mailhammer, Robert (2007), The Germanic Strong Verbs: Foundations and Development of a New System, Trends in Linguistics 183, Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter, p. 217
8. ^ a b Feist, Sigmund (1939), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. 245
9. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 452
10. ^ a b de Vries, Jan (1977), Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. 496
11. ^ a b Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. sceotan
12. ^ a b Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. skiāta
13. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *skutą
14. ^ a b Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 451
15. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *skutiz
16. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *skeutaz
17. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 441
18. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *skautaz
19. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *skuttōną
20. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 347
21. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. skiotan
22. ^ Lloyd, Albert L.; Springer, Otto; Lühr, Rosemarie, et al. (1988–), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; online ewa.saw-leipzig.de, p. s.v. skiozan