*skeutan

Reconstruction

Ringe and Taylor reconstruct *skeutan for Proto-West Germanic,^[1] and Wiktionary has the same form.^[2]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *skeutaną (“to shoot”),^[1][3] which Ringe and Taylor cite as Proto-Northwest Germanic, Kroonen as *skeutan- and Orel as *skeutanan.^[1][3][4] Ringe and Taylor reconstruct the Proto-West Germanic third singular present *skiutidi and past *skaut, continued by the forms of Old High German skioʒan, and trace the Old English forms from them through stages such as *skēutąn, *skīutiþi, *skǣut.^[1]

Morphology

A strong verb of class II.^[5][6][7]

Evidence

The verb is attested in all the West Germanic languages: Old English sċēotan, Old Frisian skiāta, Old Saxon skiotan, Old Dutch skietan and Old High German skiozan.^[3][8] In Old High German it is found from the end of the 8th century.^[6] Old Dutch has it in the Old Low Franconian psalms of the 10th century.^[9] Old Saxon has the verb in a gloss on Latin sequor.^[5]

Meanings

1. to shoot^[1][2]

Old English also used the verb for "to hurl", "to strike", "to rush" and "to contribute, to pay",^[10] and Old Frisian for "to contribute" and "to sink, to slip".^[11]

Derivatives

• *skuti "shooting, shot", which Wiktionary reconstructs;^[12] Kroonen takes Proto-Germanic *skuti- for an i-stem to the verb, with Old English scyte and Old High German scuz.^[13]
• *skot "shot", which Wiktionary reconstructs;^[14] Orel derives Proto-Germanic *skutan from the verb, with Old English scot (“rapid movement”) and Old High German scoz (“projectile”).^[15]

Reflexes

• Old English: sċēotan (“to shoot, to hurl, to strike, to rush, to pay”)^[10]
• Old Frisian: skiāta (“to shoot, to contribute”)^[11]
• Old Saxon: skiotan (“to shoot”)^[5]
• Old Dutch: skietan (“to shoot”)^[9]
• Old High German: skiozan (“to shoot, to hurl, to strike”)^[6]

References

1. ^ a b c d e Ringe, Don; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English, A Linguistic History of English II, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 206
2. ^ a b Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *skeutan
3. ^ a b c Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 445
4. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 339
5. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. skiotan
6. ^ a b c Lloyd, Albert L.; Springer, Otto; Lühr, Rosemarie, et al. (1988–), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; online ewa.saw-leipzig.de, p. s.v. skiozan
7. ^ Mailhammer, Robert (2007), The Germanic Strong Verbs: Foundations and Development of a New System, Trends in Linguistics 183, Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter, p. 217
8. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. scéotan
9. ^ a b Oudnederlands Woordenboek (2009–), Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal, Leiden; gtb.ivdnt.org, p. s.v. skietan
10. ^ a b Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. sceotan
11. ^ a b Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. skiāta
12. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *skutiz
13. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 451
14. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *skutą
15. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 346