*sadaz

Reconstruction

The adjective is *sadaz in Wiktionary,^[1] *sađaz in Orel,^[2] and *sada- in Kroonen, Köbler and Heidermanns.^[3][4][5]

Etymology

It is from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂- (“to satiate”):^[1] Kroonen calls it the past participle to this root, *sh₂-tó-,^[3] and Orel a participle *sətós to a root *sā-.^[2]

Morphology

An a-stem adjective,^[6] a verbal adjective in *-to-.^[7][8] Bammesberger calls it the regular participle from the zero grade of the root, whose full grade is in *sō-þ-.^[7] Heidermanns found the stem formation at first unclear, *sad-a- or *sa-da-.^[5]

Evidence

The adjective is attested in all three branches: Gothic 𐍃𐌰𐌸𐍃 (saþs), Old Norse saðr, and Old English sæd, Old Saxon sad and Old High German sat in West Germanic.^[3] Heidermanns calls it common Germanic, used mostly as a predicate.^[5] The Gothic word occurs in Wulfila's Bible, as in Luke 6:21 and John 6:12;^[6] its nominative masculine is recorded only once, spelled 𐍃𐌰𐌳𐍃 (sads), in Philippians 4:12.^[9] Outside Germanic, Kroonen compares Latin satis (“enough”),^[3] and Orel and Heidermanns Ancient Greek ἄατος (áatos, “insatiable”) and Lithuanian sotùs (“satisfied”).^[2][5]

Competing analyses

Kroonen also compares Old Armenian հաճ (hač, “satisfied”), from *sh₂-t-io-;^[3] Wiktionary rejects this and derives the Armenian word from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to follow”).^[1]

Meanings

1. satiated, sated, full^[3][1][4]

Old English also used it for "weary".^[2][10] In Old Norse the word died out early, perhaps because some of its forms fell together with the word for "true", Old Norse sannr.^[5]

Derivatives

• *sadjaną "to satiate",^[11] a factitive verb, Kroonen's *sadjan-,^[3] Orel's *sađjanan;^[12] it gave Old Norse seðja.^[3]
• *sadōjan- "to become sated", in Old English sadian and Old High German satōn,^[3] Köbler's *sadōn.^[13]
• *sadī- "satiation", in Old High German setī.^[14]
• With another ablaut grade, *sōda- "satiation", the source of Gothic 𐍃𐍉𐌸 (soþ);^[15] Orel writes it *sōþan.^[16]

Reflexes

• Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌸𐍃 (saþs, “sated, full”)^[6]
• Old Norse: saðr (“sated”)^[17]
• Old English: sæd (“sated, weary”)^[10]
• Old Saxon: sad (“sated”)^[18]
• Old Dutch: sad (“sated”)^[4]
• Old High German: sat (“sated, full”)^[9]

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *sadaz
2. ^ a b c d Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *sađaz
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 419
4. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *sada-
5. ^ a b c d e Heidermanns, Frank (1993), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive, Berlin / New York: De Gruyter, p. s.v. sada-
6. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. saþs
7. ^ a b Bammesberger, Alfred (1990), Die Morphologie des urgermanischen Nomens, Heidelberg: Winter, p. 249
8. ^ Schaffner, Stefan (2001), Das Vernersche Gesetz und der innerparadigmatische grammatische Wechsel des Urgermanischen im Nominalbereich, Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft 103, Innsbruck, p. 259
9. ^ a b Lloyd, Albert L.; Springer, Otto; Lühr, Rosemarie, et al. (1988–), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; online ewa.saw-leipzig.de, p. s.v. sat
10. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. sæd
11. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *sadjaną
12. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *sađjanan
13. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *sadōn
14. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *sadī-
15. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 463
16. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *sōþan
17. ^ de Vries, Jan (1977), Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. saðr
18. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. sad