*bautaną

Reconstruction

The infinitive is *bautaną in Wiktionary,^[1] *ƀautanan in Orel^[2] and *bautan in Köbler.^[3] Kroonen cites it by the stem *bautan-.^[4]

Etymology

The root is traditionally reconstructed as from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeud-;^[4][1] Kroonen, however, thinks that the verb continues a Pre-Germanic *bauttan-, with the geminate taken over from the iterative *butt/dōn-, so that the root-final consonant can only be identified as *t or *dʰ.^[4] Orel calls the verb of unknown origin,^[2] and Mailhammer gives it an uncertain IE etymology.^[5]

Morphology

A reduplicating strong verb of class VII.^[5][6] Kroonen describes it as an o-grade intensive, *bʰóud-e-, and sets it beside the class II verb *beutan- ~ *būtan-.^[4][7] In Old High German only present forms are attested, so that the verb may be reduplicating or weak.^[8] The Old Norse verb was strong, with a past participle -bautinn in compounds, and later also weak.^[8]

Evidence

The verb is attested only in North and West Germanic: Old Norse bauta, Old English bēatan and Old High German bōzan, with Middle Dutch and Middle High German forms.^[4][2] Köbler sets up a Gothic *bautan only on the evidence of Italian buttare.^[9] EWA and de Vries connect the legal term Lombardic walapaus, whose meaning is disputed.^[8][10] Outside Germanic, Kroonen compares a Latin verb "to strike", Middle Irish búailid (“to beat, to strike”) and Albanian butë (“tender”).^[4]

Competing analyses

Kroonen reports Gordon's analysis of the root as *bʰeu- with a d-suffix.^[4] Wiktionary also mentions a root *bʰew- with a dental extension.^[1] De Vries compared Latin fūstis (“cudgel”) and the Old Irish word for "guilty, enemy".^[10] Orel lists Torp and Falk's comparison with con-fūtō and Pokorny's with fūstis.^[2]

Meanings

1. to beat^[4][1]
2. to push, to knock, to bump^[3][1]

Old Norse also used the verb for "to chase",^[4] and Old English for "to injure" and "to tread".^[11]

Derivatives

• *bautô "that which beats, bumps or pushes".^[12]
• *bautijaną "to beat, to push", with *-janą.^[13]
• *buttōną "to shove, to hit", the iterative;^[14] Kroonen's *butt/dōn-.^[15]
• Orel's *ƀautilaz, in Old Norse beytill, Old English bīetel (“hammer”) and Old High German steinbōzil (“cudgel”);^[16] Köbler glosses *bautila- "chisel, sledge".^[17]

Reflexes

• Old Norse: bauta (“to beat”)^[10]
• Old English: bēatan (“to beat, to strike, to injure, to tread”)^[11]
• Old High German: bōzan (“to pound, to beat”)^[8]

References

1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *bautaną
2. ^ a b c d Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *ƀautanan
3. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *bautan
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 56
5. ^ a b Mailhammer, Robert (2007), The Germanic Strong Verbs: Foundations and Development of a New System, Trends in Linguistics 183, Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter, p. 224
6. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. béatan
7. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 75
8. ^ a b c d Lloyd, Albert L.; Springer, Otto; Lühr, Rosemarie, et al. (1988–), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; online ewa.saw-leipzig.de, p. s.v. bôzan
9. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *bautan
10. ^ a b c de Vries, Jan (1977), Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. bauta
11. ^ a b Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. bēatan
12. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *bautô
13. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *bautijaną
14. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *buttōną
15. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 86
16. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *ƀautilaz
17. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *bautila-