supplémentaire

Forms

supplémentaire (plural supplémentaires)^[1]

Etymology

It is formed from French supplément + -aire.^[2][3][4] Supplément is from Latin supplēmentum, first found in 1313 as supploiement.^[5]

Earliest recorded meaning

It is first found in 1790 in the Moniteur, meaning “forming a supplement, additional”.^[2][3] Bloch and Wartburg and the GLLF date it to 1792.^[5][6]

Semantic evolution

In 1810 the Penal Code used it for a person appointed to stand in for another, as with jurés supplémentaires, a sense now replaced by suppléant.^[2][6][4] Geometry has angles supplémentaires, two angles adding up to a straight angle (1875).^[2][4] Music has lignes supplémentaires “ledger lines” (1837).^[2] The phrases train supplémentaire (1894) and heures supplémentaires “overtime” (1938) followed.^[2]

Timeline

• 1790 – First recorded, meaning “additional”.^[2][3]
• 1810 – The Penal Code uses it for “substitute”.^[2][6]
• 1837 – Kastner has lignes supplémentaires in music.^[2]
• 1875 – Angle supplémentaire is recorded.^[2]
• 1894 – Train supplémentaire “extra train” appears.^[2]
• 1938 – Jules Romains uses heures supplémentaires “overtime”.^[2]

Meanings

Adjective

1. additional, extra: un délai supplémentaire, Le musée embauche du personnel supplémentaire.^[7][8][9]
2. Heures supplémentaires: overtime.^[7][8][1]
3. Coming as a further burden: un souci supplémentaire.^[9]
4. (music) Lignes supplémentaires: ledger lines.^[7][2]
5. (mathematics) Of two angles, adding up to a straight angle; supplementary.^[7][2][9]
6. (dated, law) Appointed to stand in for another: juré supplémentaire.^[2][7]

Related words

• supplément
• suppléer
• suppléant
• Latin supplēmentum

References

1. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Trésor de la langue française informatisé (2004), ATILF – CNRS & Université de Lorraine, atilf.fr/tlfi; electronic version of Imbs, Paul; Quemada, Bernard, eds. (1971–1994), Trésor de la langue française, Paris: CNRS / Gallimard
3. ^ a b c Rey, Alain, ed. (2005), Le Grand Robert de la langue française, electronic version, Paris: Le Robert
4. ^ a b c Littré, Émile (1873–1877), Dictionnaire de la langue française, 4 vols. and supplement, Paris: Hachette
5. ^ a b Bloch, Oscar; Wartburg, Walther von (1989), Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue française, 8th ed., Paris: Presses universitaires de France
6. ^ a b c Guilbert, Louis; Lagane, René; Niobey, Georges, eds. (1971–1978; 1989), Grand Larousse de la langue française, Paris: Larousse
7. ^ a b c d e Rey-Debove, Josette; Rey, Alain, eds. (2007), Le Petit Robert de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert
8. ^ a b Dictionnaire Le Robert en ligne, dictionnaire.lerobert.com (accessed 2024)
9. ^ a b c Dictionnaire de français Larousse, larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais (accessed 2024)