invadir

Forms

invadir (first-person singular present invado, first-person singular preterite invadí, past participle invadido)^[1] The earliest texts, Aragonese legal codes of the 13th century, write envadir; the form invadir appears in Juan Fernández de Heredia in 1385.^[2] Juan Ruiz also has envadir.^[3]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Latin invādō (“to go into, attack, invade”).^[4][5][6][1] Bénaben derives it from a Vulgar Latin form with the ending of the fourth conjugation, *invadire.^[7] In Medieval Latin the verb also meant to seize or usurp by force.^[8]

The Latin verb existed in the Middle Ages in a popular form too, which soon changed its meaning: this is the inherited doublet embaír, “to attack” in Old Spanish and later “to deceive”.^{[4][1][9][10]}

The Latin verb is formed from in- (“in, into”) and vādō (“to go, advance”).^[11][1][12] De Vaan traces the simple verb to Proto-Indo-European *weh₂dʰ- (“to advance”), the root of Old English wadan and English wade.^[13][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

The earliest hit in the CDH is the Fueros de Aragón of 1247, where whoever assaults someone o ensayara enuadir “or tries to attack” in contempt of the king's presence is to be banished from the kingdom.^[2] In the judicial duel of the Fuero de Teruel (c. 1300) the challenger deue enuadir “must attack” and the challenged defend.^[2]

Semantic evolution

The sense of an army entering another's land is found in Fernández de Heredia (1385), who tells how Odoatar, king of the Heruli, inuadio ytalia “invaded Italy”.^[2] Corominas dates the word from about 1440, in Alfonso de la Torre, and notes it in Oudin and in Solís (1684); it is usual among educated speakers today.^[4] The Diccionario de Autoridades defined it as attacking or entering by force a territory or fortress, quoting Solís.^[14]

Domínguez in 1846 added the figurative senses of intruding on another's jurisdiction and of plagues, wars or crowds sweeping over a place.^[15] The DLE also has the take-over of a person by a feeling and, in biology and medicine, the spread of germs through an organ.^[6][16]

Timeline

• 1247 – the Fueros de Aragón have enuadir “to attack”.^[2]
• c. 1300 – the Fuero de Teruel uses enuadir of the challenger in a duel.^[2]
• 1330–1343 – Juan Ruiz uses envadir.^[3][17]
• 1385 – Juan Fernández de Heredia has inuadio “invaded”.^[2]
• c. 1440 – Alfonso de la Torre, Corominas's first record.^[4]
• 1444 – Juan de Mena has the derivative invasor.^[4]
• 1600 – the first record from the Americas, in Lima.^[18]
• 1846 – Domínguez records the figurative senses.^[15]
• 1884 – the Academy's dictionary gives the etymology, from Latin invadere.^[19]

Meanings

Verb

1. To invade: to break in or enter by force: Las tropas invadieron la región en otoño.^[6][1]
2. To occupy a place abnormally or irregularly: Los coches invadieron el carril bici.^[6]
3. Of a thing: to enter and spread through a place or medium.^[6][20]
4. To encroach without right on another person's functions.^[6][20]
5. Of a feeling or state of mind: to take hold of someone: Al leer la carta lo invadió la tristeza.^[6][20]
6. (biology, medicine) Of pathogens: to enter and multiply in an organ or organism.^[6][16]

Word family

• invasión
• invasor

Related words

• embaír
• evadir
• Latin invādō

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g Real Academia Española (2013–), Corpus del Diccionario histórico de la lengua española (CDH), version 3.1, https://apps.rae.es/CNDHE, p. s.v. invadir
3. ^ a b Cejador y Frauca, Julio (1929), Vocabulario medieval castellano, Madrid: Librería y Casa Editorial Hernando, p. s.v. invadir
4. ^ a b c d e Corominas, Joan; Pascual, José A. (1980–1991), Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico, 6 vols., Madrid: Gredos, p. 3, 461
5. ^ Corominas, Joan (1973), Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana, 3rd ed., Madrid: Gredos, p. s.v. invadir
6. ^ a b c d e f g h Real Academia Española; Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (2014–), Diccionario de la lengua española, 23rd ed., online version 23.8, https://dle.rae.es, p. s.v. invadir
7. ^ Bénaben, Michel (2000), Dictionnaire étymologique de l'espagnol, Paris: Ellipses, p. s.v. invadir
8. ^ Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. invadere
9. ^ García de Diego, Vicente (1985), Diccionario etimológico español e hispánico, 2nd ed., Madrid: Espasa-Calpe (1st ed. 1954), p. s.v. invadere
10. ^ Real Academia Española; Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (2014–), Diccionario de la lengua española, 23rd ed., online version 23.8, https://dle.rae.es, p. s.v. embaír
11. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
12. ^ Gómez de Silva, Guido (1988), Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua española, México: Fondo de Cultura Económica / El Colegio de México, p. s.v. invadir
13. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
14. ^ Real Academia Española (1726–1739), Diccionario de la lengua castellana (Diccionario de Autoridades), 6 vols., Madrid: Francisco del Hierro, p. 4, 300
15. ^ a b Domínguez, Ramón Joaquín (1846–1847), Diccionario nacional o gran diccionario clásico de la lengua española, 2 vols., Madrid: Establecimiento Léxico-Tipográfico de R. J. Domínguez, p. 1011
16. ^ a b Real Academia Nacional de Medicina (2011), Diccionario de términos médicos, Madrid: Editorial Médica Panamericana; online at https://dtme.ranm.es, p. s.v. invadir
17. ^ Lleal, Coloma (dir.), DICCA-XV: Diccionario del castellano del siglo XV en la Corona de Aragón, Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona, Grup d'Estudis d'Història de la Llengua (GHCL), https://ghcl.ub.edu/diccaxv, p. s.v. invadir
18. ^ Boyd-Bowman, Peter (2003), Léxico hispanoamericano 1493–1993, ed. Ray Harris-Northall and John J. Nitti, New York: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, p. s.v. invadir
19. ^ Real Academia Española (1884), Diccionario de la lengua castellana, 12th ed., Madrid: Imprenta de D. Gregorio Hernando (the first Academy edition with etymologies), p. 607
20. ^ a b c Moliner, María (2007), Diccionario de uso del español, 3rd ed., Madrid: Gredos, p. s.v. invadir