bitter

Pronunciation

• IPA: /ˈbɪt.ə/ (UK); /ˈbɪt.ɚ/ (US)^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Old English biter (“sharp, cutting; harsh-tasting; angry”),^[2][3][4][5] from Proto-Germanic *bitraz,^[2][3] cognate with Old Saxon bittar, German bitter, Old Norse bitr and Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍂𐍃 (baitrs),^[2][3][4] probably from the base of bite, from PIE Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyd- (“to split”).^[3][4][6]

Earliest recorded meaning

Having a harsh taste; also figuratively, cruel or full of animosity: Old English, about 725 in Beowulf.^[2][3][7]

Semantic evolution

Etymonline suggests the sense drifted in prehistoric times from biting to pungent, acrid-tasting.^[3] Painful to endure, as a bitter loss, is from 971,^[7] and unpleasant to accept from 1810.^[7] Of wind or cold, intensely sharp, follows.^[8][9] The noun, bitter beer strongly flavoured with hops, is a British use,^[9][8] and bitters are bitter liquors used in cocktails.^[8][9] Word Origins notes that to the bitter end (mid-19th century) probably comes not from this word but from the nautical bitter, the last part of a cable round the bitts.^[6][4]

Timeline

• c. 725 – harsh-tasting; cruel.^[2]
• 971 – painful to endure.^[7]
• 1810 – hard to accept.^[7]
• 1849 – to the bitter end.^[7]

Modern meaning

Adjective

1. Having a sharp, harsh taste; not sweet.
2. Angry and hurt because of unfair treatment; resentful.
3. Causing pain or grief: a bitter disappointment.
4. Intensely cold: a bitter wind.
5. Full of hatred: bitter enemies.

Noun

1. (British) Beer strongly flavoured with hops.
2. bitters: a bitter alcoholic liquor used in cocktails.

Word family

• bitterly
• bitterness
• bitterish
• bitterroot
• bitterweed
• bitterwood
• embitter
• imbitter

Related words

• bite
• bit
• bittersweet

References

1. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e Barnhart, Robert K. (1988), The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology
3. ^ a b c d e f Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
4. ^ a b c d Hoad, T. F., ed. (1986), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, Oxford: Clarendon Press
5. ^ Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary (2024), online ed., Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster
6. ^ a b Cresswell, Julia (2021), Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins, 3rd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
7. ^ a b c d e f Simpson, J. A.; Weiner, E. S. C., eds. (1989), The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Clarendon Press
8. ^ a b c The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (1992), 3rd ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin
9. ^ a b c Collins English Dictionary (2023), Glasgow: HarperCollins