пакꙑ

Forms

пакꙑ (paky)^[1] A rarer form is пакъ, and the word is often abbreviated.^[2]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Slavic *pakъ (“again”);^[1][3] ESSJa sets up *pako and *paky beside it.^[1][3] The same word is Bulgarian пак (pak), Macedonian пак (pak), Serbo-Croatian pak, Czech pak, Polish pak, Lower Sorbian pak and the archaic Russian паки (paki), meaning again in South Slavic and archaic Russian, then in Czech and Sorbian, and but in Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian and Old Czech.^[2][1][4]

Most scholars, among them Vaillant, Machek and Schuster-Šewc, take it as Proto-Slavic *opakъ (“backwards, the other way round”) (the source of опакꙑ), wrongly stripped of an initial o- taken for a prefix.^[2][1] Zubatý explained the loss by analogy with the synonym опѧть, and Skok by the loss of unstressed o- in sandhi.^[2] Because the meanings of опакꙑ and пакꙑ differ, Ertl and others derived it instead from the preposition *po with a k-suffix, perhaps helped by adverbs like такъ and какъ;^[2] Wiktionary likewise allows *pa- (“later”) with the suffix of *takъ and *kakъ.^[1] Vasmer and Sadnik compare an Old Indic adverb meaning aside, far off, and Sadnik derives the group from the preposition Proto-Indo-European *apo- (“away”).^[4][5]

Earliest recorded meaning

In the Gospel codices it renders Ancient Greek πάλιν (pálin, “again”): ꙇ пакꙑ ли ꙇдеши тамо “and goest thou thither again?” (J 11, 8 Zogr Mar As Sav).^[6][7]

Semantic evolution

The SJS gives “again, once more” (πάλιν, ἔτι), “further, moreover, also” (пакꙑ подобьно естъ ц‹ѣса›р‹ь›ствие б‹о›жие неводоу “again, the kingdom of God is like unto a net”, Mt 13, 47) and “then, afterwards” (εἶτα, τότε, in the Codex Suprasliensis); as a connective particle it means “further, then”.^[6] не... пакꙑ means “no more” (Ps 76, 8 Sin), пакꙑ... и “even, moreover” for ἔτι καί (Ps 15, 9 Sin), and once in the Suprasliensis it is adversative, “however”.^[7] ESJS derives from it the comparative паче “more, rather” and the superlative наипаче “most of all”;^[2] Matzenauer took паче from an adjective meaning strong instead.^[2] The compounds пакꙑбꙑтиѥ and пакꙑрождениѥ “rebirth” are calques of παλιγγενεσία.^[2]

In the East Slavic redaction Dyachenko records пакы “meanwhile” in the Novgorod chronicle under 1140,^[8] and the word lives on as archaic Russian паки.^[2]

Timeline

• End of the 9th – beginning of the 10th century – пакꙑ renders πάλιν and ἔτι in the Slavonic euchologion translation.^[9]
• 1140 – the Novgorod chronicle uses пакы for “meanwhile”.^[8]
• 14th century – the Serbian Athonite translation of Gregory of Nyssa uses it for πάλιν.^[9]

Meanings

Adverb

1. again, once more, anew; for πάλιν, ἔτι.^[6][7][1]
2. Further, moreover, also; for πάλιν, ἔτι.^[6][7]
3. then, afterwards; for εἶτα, τότε.^[6][7]
4. не... пакꙑ no more; for οὐ... ἔτι.^[7]

Conjunction

1. Then, further; with и, even, furthermore; for ἔτι καί.^[6][7]
2. (adversative, rare) however, yet.^[7]

Word family

• паче
• наипаче
• пакꙑбꙑтиѥ
• пакꙑрождениѥ

Related words

• опакꙑ
• Russian паки (paki)

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Havlová, Eva; Erhart, Adolf; Janyšková, Ilona (eds.) (1989–2022), Etymologický slovník jazyka staroslověnského, 21 fascicles, Praha: Academia / Brno: Tribun EU, p. 622
3. ^ a b Trubačev, Oleg N.; Žuravlev, Anatolij F.; Varbot, Žanna Ž. (eds.) (1974–2021), Ètimologičeskij slovar' slavjanskix jazykov: praslavjanskij leksičeskij fond, vols. 1–42, Moskva: Nauka, p. 40, 223
4. ^ a b Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), Ètimologičeskij slovar' russkogo jazyka, transl. and suppl. by O. N. Trubačev, 4 vols., Moskva: Progress, p. 3, 188
5. ^ Sadnik, Linda; Aitzetmüller, Rudolf (1955), Handwörterbuch zu den altkirchenslavischen Texten, Heidelberg: Winter / 's-Gravenhage: Mouton, p. 280
6. ^ a b c d e f Kurz, Josef; Hauptová, Zoe (eds.) (1958–1997), Slovník jazyka staroslověnského / Lexicon linguae palaeoslovenicae, 4 vols. + supplements, Praha: Academia; digital ed. gorazd.org
7. ^ a b c d e f g h Slovník nejstarších staroslověnských památek (digital ed., Gorazd, Slovanský ústav AV ČR, gorazd.org); cf. Cejtlin, R. M.; Večerka, R.; Blagova, É. (eds.) (1994), Staroslavjanskij slovar' (po rukopisjam X–XI vekov), Moskva: Russkij jazyk
8. ^ a b D'jačenko, Grigorij (1899), Polnyj cerkovno-slavjanskij slovar', Moskva
9. ^ a b SlaVaComp Metaglossar Griechisch–Kirchenslavisch, Universität Freiburg, slavistik-portal.de