pãnã

Forms

pãnã^[1]

• Short forms pãn and pen.^[1][2]
• Other spellings: PÎ’NĂ, with the short form pín’, and PA’NA, PAN’ in Papahagi's dictionary;^[3][4] pînă in Dalametra's dictionary;^[5] până in Mihăileanu's Romanian-based spelling;^[6] πᾶνᾶ and πᾶν in Nikolaidis's Greek script, which he transcribes pana and pân.^[7]
• Pascu's sources write pin, pănă and pân, and Boiagi's grammar pănu (OCR pänu).^[8]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin paene (“almost”) followed by ad (“to”), as Pascu, Wiktionary and Capidan explain it.^[8][1][9] Pascu assumes that the Latin adverb went from "almost" to "near", as prope (“near; almost”) did in Romanian aproape.^[8] Nikolaidis gives the same etymon after Weigand and names Cihac's per (“through”) with the same preposition, which he finds doubtful.^[7] Papahagi's dictionary leaves the origin with a question mark.^[3]

The word is common to the four Eastern Romance languages: Romanian până, Megleno-Romanian pănă and pon, and Istro-Romanian pire and pir.^[10][9] Ciorănescu takes the derivation from Latin as probable but finds the development unclear, and rejects Vulgar Latin *pro ad.^[10] Pușcariu doubted this etymon: he thought that the Aromanian and Megleno-Romanian forms with î and o point rather to porrō (“further”) followed by the same preposition.^[11]

The Oxford Latin Dictionary calls the origin of the Latin adverb unknown.^[12] De Vaan takes the basic sense of its stem to be "missing, lacking" and finds the Indo-European comparisons proposed for it phonetically difficult.^[13]

Earliest recorded meaning

The oldest record is the form pănu that Pascu quotes from Boiagi's grammar of 1813, meaning "until".^[8]

Semantic evolution

From a Latin phrase meaning "almost to", the word came to mark the limit of a stretch of time or space, "until, up to".^[8][2] Mihăileanu records până măne "until tomorrow" and până vine "until he comes",^[6] and Papahagi quotes lúngă pi’nă mpáde "long down to the ground".^[3] Wiktionary also lists it as a conjunction, "till, until".^[1]

Timeline

• 1813 – pănu “until” in Boiagi's grammar, as Pascu cites it.^[8]
• 1901 – până “until” in Mihăileanu's dictionary.^[6]
• 1906 – pînă in Dalametra's dictionary.^[5]
• 1909 – Nikolaidis derives it from Latin paene ad.^[7]

Meanings

Preposition

1. Until, up to: marks the time or the place where something stops or arrives.^[2][3][6]

Conjunction

1. Till, until.^[1]

Related words

• Romanian până

Usage notes

Cunia's panã "mop" and Papahagi's PÁNĂ "rag; film over the eyes", which Pascu and Papahagi derive from Latin *panna, are a different word.^[14][15][16]

References

1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c Cunia, Tiberius (2008), Dictsiunar a limbãljei armãneascã, Editsii Timpurarã (after T. Papahagi, Ș. Mihăileanu and I. Dalametra; online at dixionline.net), p. 797
3. ^ a b c d Papahagi, Tache (1974), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, 2nd augmented ed., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, p. 989
4. ^ Papahagi, Tache (1974), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, 2nd augmented ed., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, p. 955
5. ^ a b Dalametra, I. (1906), Dicționar macedo-român, București: Academia Română, p. 167
6. ^ a b c d Mihăileanu, Ștefan (1901), Dicționar macedo-român, București, p. 394
7. ^ a b c Νικολαΐδης, Κωνσταντίνος (1909), Ετυμολογικόν λεξικόν της κουτσοβλαχικής γλώσσης, Αθήνα, p. 404
8. ^ a b c d e f Pascu, Giorge (1925), Dictionnaire étymologique macédoroumain, 2 vols. (I: Les éléments latins et romans; II: Les éléments grecs, turcs, slaves, albanais, germaniques, magyars, néologismes, créations immédiates, obscurs), Iași: Cultura Națională, p. 1, 144
9. ^ a b Capidan, Theodor (1935), Meglenoromânii III: Dicționar meglenoromân, București: Academia Română, p. 213
10. ^ a b Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001)
11. ^ Pușcariu, Sextil (1905), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der rumänischen Sprache I: Lateinisches Element, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. 116
12. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
13. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
14. ^ Cunia, Tiberius (2008), Dictsiunar a limbãljei armãneascã, Editsii Timpurarã (after T. Papahagi, Ș. Mihăileanu and I. Dalametra; online at dixionline.net), p. 782
15. ^ Papahagi, Tache (1974), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, 2nd augmented ed., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, p. 943
16. ^ Pascu, Giorge (1925), Dictionnaire étymologique macédoroumain, 2 vols. (I: Les éléments latins et romans; II: Les éléments grecs, turcs, slaves, albanais, germaniques, magyars, néologismes, créations immédiates, obscurs), Iași: Cultura Națională, p. 1, 138