lucredz

Forms

lucredz (third-person singular lucreadzã, participle lucratã)^[1]

• First conjugation: third person singular lucreadzã, aorist lucrai, imperfect lucram, participle lucratã, verbal noun lucrari.^[1][2] Wiktionary also gives lucredzu.^[1]
• Other spellings: LUCRÉDZU (lucrái, -rát, -ráre) in Papahagi's dictionary;^[3] lucrédzu (lucrái, lucrátă, lucráre) in Mihăileanu's Romanian-based spelling;^[4] λουκρέτζου (lukrétzu) in Nikolaidis's Greek script;^[5] lukredzu in Weigand's glossary;^[6] lucredzu (lucrai, lucratu) in Katsanis and Dinas's verb list.^[7]
• Old records: ουχρέντζου in Kavalliotis's word list, which Meyer reads as lukredzu;^[8] lukriátze (they work) in Daniil's Tetraglosson.^[9]
• Regional forms: lucrédzu (lucráre, lucrái, lucrátă) in Metsovo.^[10]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin lucror (“to gain, make a profit”), with an Aromanian verb suffix;^[1] Papahagi cites REW for the Latin verb meaning "to gain",^[3] and Pascu, Nikolaidis and Ciorănescu give the same source.^[11][5][12] Ciorănescu calls the change from "to gain" to "to work" a normal one.^[12] Candrea and Densusianu derive it instead from lūcubrō (“to work by lamplight”), through a form with the second u kept: at first the word would have meant working in the evening, as women did when spinning.^[13] Papahagi reports both views,^[3] Katsanis and Dinas follow the second,^[7] and Wiktionary thinks it less likely.^[1]

It is shared with Romanian lucra, Megleno-Romanian lucrez and Istro-Romanian lucrå.^[12][14] In the west the Latin verb gave Italian logorare (“to wear out”) and Spanish lograr (“to obtain”).^[15][11]

Latin lucror is formed from lucrum (“profit”),^[16] which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *lukro- and Proto-Indo-European *lh₂u-tló- (“seizure, gain”).^[17]

Earliest recorded meaning

The first record is in Kavalliotis's word list of 1770, where ουχρέντζου, read by Meyer as lukredzu, translates Greek δουλεύω "I work".^[8]

Semantic evolution

Aromanian has only the sense "to work", which Cunia defines as working to earn one's living.^[2][1] Papahagi quotes the proverb lucreádză tu giunátic, s' ti tíndzi tu aușeátic "work in your youth, so that you can stretch out in old age".^[3] Boiagi used it for "to serve", and Dalametra for working the land.^[11] Mihăileanu's lucreadză cu diafúru is said of someone who works with borrowed money.^[18] In Metsovo a machine or a shop "works" (runs, is open), and land "works" when it is fertile; the verb also means "to handle (a tool)", "to process" and "to make fun of".^[10]

Timeline

• 1770 – ουχρέντζου “I work” in Kavalliotis's word list.^[8]
• 1802 – lukriátze “they work” in Daniil's Tetraglosson, as Leake printed it.^[9]
• 1813 – the verb, in the sense “to serve”, in Boiagi's grammar, as cited by Pascu.^[11]
• 1894 – lukredzu “I work” in Weigand's glossary.^[6]
• 1901 – lucrédzu “to work” in Mihăileanu's dictionary.^[4]

Meanings

Verb

1. To work; to work for a living.^[2][3][1]
2. To work (the land), cultivate.^[11]
3. (Metsovo) Of a machine, to run; of a shop, to be open; of land, to be fertile.^[10]
4. (Metsovo) To handle, process; to make fun of.^[10]

Word family

• lucrari
• lucrat
• nilucrat

Related words

• lucru
• Romanian lucra

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c Cunia, Tiberius (2008), Dictsiunar a limbãljei armãneascã, Editsii Timpurarã (after T. Papahagi, Ș. Mihăileanu and I. Dalametra; online at dixionline.net), p. 599
3. ^ a b c d e Papahagi, Tache (1974), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, 2nd augmented ed., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, p. 749
4. ^ a b Mihăileanu, Ștefan (1901), Dicționar macedo-român, București, p. 268
5. ^ a b Νικολαΐδης, Κωνσταντίνος (1909), Ετυμολογικόν λεξικόν της κουτσοβλαχικής γλώσσης, Αθήνα, p. 268
6. ^ a b Weigand, Gustav (1894), Die Aromunen: ethnographisch-philologisch-historische Untersuchungen, vol. II: Volksliteratur der Aromunen (with a glossary), Leipzig: J. A. Barth, p. 315
7. ^ a b Κατσάνης, Νικόλαος; Ντίνας, Κωνσταντίνος (1990), Γραμματική της κοινής κουτσοβλαχικής, Θεσσαλονίκη: Αρχείο Κουτσοβλαχικών Μελετών, p. 138
8. ^ a b c Meyer, Gustav (1895), Albanesische Studien IV: Das griechisch-südrumänisch-albanesische Wörterverzeichnis des Kavalliotis, Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, phil.-hist. Classe 132, p. 45
9. ^ a b Leake, William Martin (1814), Researches in Greece, London (prints Daniil of Moscopole's Tetraglosson), p. 384
10. ^ a b c d Δασούλας, Φώτης (2013), Το βλαχικό ιδίωμα του Μετσόβου, 2nd ed.
11. ^ a b c d e Pascu, Giorge (1925), Dictionnaire étymologique macédoroumain, 2 vols. (I: Les éléments latins et romans; II: Les éléments grecs, turcs, slaves, albanais, germaniques, magyars, néologismes, créations immédiates, obscurs), Iași: Cultura Națională, p. 1, 110
12. ^ a b c Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001)
13. ^ Candrea, I.-A.; Densusianu, Ov. (1907–1914), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române: elementele latine (A–Putea), București
14. ^ Kovačec, August (1998), Istrorumunjsko-hrvatski rječnik (s gramatikom i tekstovima), Pula
15. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter
16. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
17. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
18. ^ Mihăileanu, Ștefan (1901), Dicționar macedo-român, București, p. 142