Etymology and origin of the Romanian word voi
- Confidence
- Established
- Formation
- Inherited
- First attested
- 1550 before 1550, Cuvente den bătrâni More words from the 16th century
- Inherited from
- Latin vos
- Ultimate origin
- Proto-Italic *wōs
Etymology tree
From the same root
Pronunciation
- [voj][1]
Forms
voi[1] The dative is vouă, unstressed vă, v-, vi; the accusative (pe) voi, unstressed vă.[2] Old texts have many forms of the dative: voao, voo, voă, voî and voah.[3][4] In the Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet the word was written вои.[1]
Etymology
It is inherited from Latin vōs (“you (plural)”), and the dative vouă continues vōbīs.[5][2][4][1] The Latin pronoun comes from Proto-Italic *wōs, an old accusative form.[1][6][7]
The word survives in all four branches: Aromanian voi, Megleno-Romanian voi and Istro-Romanian voi.[8][9][10][11][12] Its Romance cognates include Dalmatian voi, Italian voi, Occitan vos, Catalan vos, Spanish vos, Portuguese vos and French vous.[5][13]
Earliest recorded meaning
MDA2's first record is a text of before 1550 printed in the Cuvente den bătrâni.[4] The Slavonic–Romanian lexicon of Mardarie (1649) glosses the Slavonic pronoun for “you” with voi.[14]
Semantic evolution
The pronoun addresses several people; its unstressed dative forms also mark possession (Luați-vă hainele) and the ethical dative.[2][4] It is also used to address one person politely, a use that Moldovan and other regional speech extends to the full pronoun in place of dumneavoastră.[2][15] In poetry it addresses personified beings and things.[4]
Timeline
- before 1550 – the first record, in a text printed in the Cuvente den bătrâni.[4]
- 1649 – voi glosses the Slavonic word for “you” in Mardarie's lexicon.[14]
- 1688 – the possessive vostru and its forms are frequent in the Bucharest Bible.[16]
- 1825 – the Lexicon of Buda gives voi as the plural of tu, Latin vos.[17]
Meanings
Pronoun
- you (plural): the people being addressed; as a subject it often stresses them: Voi plecați primii, nu noi.[2][4][1]
- In the dative (vouă, vă, v-, vi): to you; also with a possessive sense: Vă așteaptă casa.[2]
- In the accusative (pe voi, vă): you: Unde v-am văzut?[2]
- (polite) Used for one person, in place of the singular: Domnule, vă mulțumesc.[2][18]
- (regional) The polite pronoun in its full form, dumneavoastră.[15]
- In the vocative, with a noun: Voi, prieteni, ascultați![2]
Related words
Usage notes
A separate verb voi (voiesc) “to want, to intend” is first recorded in the Codicele Voronețean;[2][4][1] DEX and MDA2 take it from voie “will”, compare Slavonic voliti, and Wiktionary calls it of unknown origin.[2][4][1] Voi is also the first person of the future auxiliary (voi merge “I will go”), a form of vrea.[19][20] A regional noun voi (plural voiuri), a row of wickerwork in a fish fence or a strip of arable land, is a loan from Serbian and Bulgarian.[21][4]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 1204
- ^ Gaster, M. (1891), Chrestomatie română: texte tipărite și manuscrise (sec. XVI–XIX), dialectale și populare, cu o introducere, gramatică și un glosar româno-francez, vol. II, Leipzig: Brockhaus / București: Socec
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 2, 1504
- ^ a b Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. voi
- ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
- ^ Nocentini, Alberto; Parenti, Alessandro (2010), l'Etimologico: vocabolario della lingua italiana, Firenze: Le Monnier
- ^ Pascu, Giorge (1925), Dictionnaire étymologique macédoroumain, 2 vols. (I: Les éléments latins et romans; II: Les éléments grecs, turcs, slaves, albanais, germaniques, magyars, néologismes, créations immédiates, obscurs), Iași: Cultura Națională, p. 1, 187
- ^ Cunia, Tiberius (2008), Dictsiunar a limbãljei armãneascã, Editsii Timpurarã (after T. Papahagi, Ș. Mihăileanu and I. Dalametra; online at dixionline.net), p. 1095
- ^ Byhan, Arthur (1899), Istrorumänisches Glossar, Sechster Jahresbericht des Instituts für rumänische Sprache zu Leipzig: 174–366, p. 383
- ^ Popovici, Iosif (1909), Dialectele romîne din Istria II: texte și glosar, Halle a. S., p. 165
- ^ Kovačec, August (1998), Istrorumunjsko-hrvatski rječnik (s gramatikom i tekstovima), Pula
- ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 9455
- ^ a b Ungureanu, Mădălina; Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Moruz, Alexandru (eds.), eRomLex: The First Romanian Bilingual Dictionaries (17th century), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. s.v. voi
- ^ a b Stati, Vasile (2003), Dicționar moldovenesc-românesc, Chișinău
- ^ Biblia, adecă Dumnezeiasca Scriptură a ceii vechi și a ceii noao leage, București, 1688 (ed. 1988, tricentennial edition), p. Gen 9:5
- ^ Lesicon românescu-latinescu-ungurescu-nemțescu quare de mai mulți autori, în cursul a trideci și mai multor ani s-au lucrat (1825), Buda: Typographia Universității (the Lexicon of Buda, ed. Petru Maior et al.), p. 760
- ^ Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2002), Noul dicționar explicativ al limbii române, București: Litera Internațional
- ^ Scriban, August (1939), Dicționaru limbii românești (etimologii, înțelesuri, exemple, citațiuni, arhaizme, neologizme, provincializme), Iași: Presa Bună, p. 1417
- ^ Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. vreá
- ^ Academia Română (1965–2010), Dicționarul limbii române (DLR), serie nouă, tom I–XIX, București: Editura Academiei Române, p. s.v. voi
Related etymologies
Cite this entry
“Voi.” Etymologically, 11 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/ro/voi. Accessed 12 Nov. 2026.
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