urgie

Forms

urgie f (plural urgii)^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Vulgar Latin *orgia (“wrath”), a Latin form of Ancient Greek ὀργή (orgḗ, “anger, wrath”), as Densusianu, Pușcariu and Candrea explain it, followed by Ciorănescu.^[2][3] The third edition of Tiktin gives the Greek word, taken in through the language of the Bible and passed on by the Vulgar Latin form.^[4] DEX, DLR and MDA2 give Latin orgia.^[5][6][7] Wiktionary derives this from ὄργια (órgia, “secret rites”), the Bacchic rites, which makes the word a doublet of the neologism orgie;^[1] Gabinschi names both Greek words as possible sources.^[8]

Roesler, Murnu and the first Tiktin took it straight from Medieval Greek, which Ciorănescu finds impossible on phonetic grounds.^[2] He also finds Giuglea's Latin *orgilia, from ὀργίλος (orgílos, “irascible”), unlikely.^[2] The word survives south of the Danube: Aromanian urghie.^[2][9][10]

Earliest recorded meaning

Tiktin dates the first record to 1543, in Slavonic–Romanian documents.^[4] The first Romanian text is the Codicele Voronețean (c. 1563–1583), in the Acts of the Apostles: „Audziră și fură împluți de urgie” “They heard it and were filled with wrath”.^[4][7][6]

Semantic evolution

In the 16th- and 17th-century texts it is a violent anger, most often God's or a ruler's.^[6][4] Mardarie's lexicon of 1649 glosses it with Slavonic jarostĭ “fury”,^[11] and the Bucharest Bible of 1688 prays „nici cu urgiia ta să mă cerți” “nor chasten me in thy wrath” (Psalm 6).^[4] From God's wrath the word came to mean the scourge he sends: a calamity, a plague, a disaster.^[4][2] The old chronicles also used it for a ruler's disfavour and for banishment, as in l-a trimis în urgie “he sent him into exile”.^[2][12]

The Lexicon de la Buda of 1825 adds a hateful person, and folk speech used it as a term of abuse for an ugly or wicked woman.^[13][14][15] In present-day Romanian the main senses are a great calamity and a violent unleashing of the forces of nature; the sense “hatred, fury” is popular.^[5] The derivative urgisi “to persecute; to hate” was formed after Greek ὀργίζω, in Pușcariu's view.^[3]

Timeline

• 1543 – first record, in Slavonic–Romanian documents.^[4]
• c. 1563–1583 – „împluți de urgie” “filled with wrath” in the Codicele Voronețean.^[7][4]
• 1570 – urgie in Coresi's Psalter.^[16]
• 1649 – urgie glossing Slavonic jarostĭ “fury” in Mardarie's lexicon.^[11]
• 1688 – urgiia ta “thy wrath” in the Bucharest Bible.^[4]
• 1825 – fury, hatred and a hateful person in the Lexicon de la Buda.^[13]

Meanings

Noun

1. (popular) A great calamity that befalls someone or something;^[5][17] de urgie “bringing misfortune”.^[5][17]
2. A violent outburst of the forces of nature; devastation.^[5]
3. Hostile or furious behaviour; hatred, wrath; in older use the violent anger of God or a ruler.^[5][7][1]
4. (in religious belief) Divine punishment.^[7]
5. (in phrases) disgrace: a cădea în urgie “to fall into disfavour”;^[7][2] (obsolete) exile.^[7][2]

Word family

• urgisi
• urgiseală

Related words

• orgie
• Aromanian urghie

Usage notes

A separate rare word urgie is a variant of orgie “orgy”.^[18][7]

References

1. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. urgie
3. ^ a b Pușcariu, Sextil (1905), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der rumänischen Sprache I: Lateinisches Element, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. 171
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. urgie
5. ^ a b c d e f DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 1175
6. ^ a b c Academia Română (1965–2010), Dicționarul limbii române (DLR), serie nouă, tom I–XIX, București: Editura Academiei Române, p. s.v. urgie
7. ^ a b c d e f g h Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 2, 1389
8. ^ Gabinschi, Marcu (2001), Dicționar de dublete etimologice ale limbii române, 2nd ed., Chișinău: Litera, p. 178
9. ^ Pascu, Giorge (1925), Dictionnaire étymologique macédoroumain, 2 vols. (I: Les éléments latins et romans; II: Les éléments grecs, turcs, slaves, albanais, germaniques, magyars, néologismes, créations immédiates, obscurs), Iași: Cultura Națională, p. 2, 98
10. ^ Cunia, Tiberius (2008), Dictsiunar a limbãljei armãneascã, Editsii Timpurarã (after T. Papahagi, Ș. Mihăileanu and I. Dalametra; online at dixionline.net), p. 1066
11. ^ a b Ungureanu, Mădălina; Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Moruz, Alexandru (eds.), eRomLex: The First Romanian Bilingual Dictionaries (17th century), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. s.v. urgie
12. ^ Șăineanu, Lazăr (1929), Dicționar universal al limbei române, 6th ed., Craiova: Scrisul Românesc, p. 681
13. ^ a b Lesicon românescu-latinescu-ungurescu-nemțescu quare de mai mulți autori, în cursul a trideci și mai multor ani s-au lucrat (1825), Buda: Typographia Universității (the Lexicon of Buda, ed. Petru Maior et al.), p. 737
14. ^ Macrea, Dimitrie; Petrovici, Emil (coord.) (1955–1957), Dicționarul limbii romîne literare contemporane, 4 vols., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 4, 592
15. ^ Scriban, August (1939), Dicționaru limbii românești (etimologii, înțelesuri, exemple, citațiuni, arhaizme, neologizme, provincializme), Iași: Presa Bună, p. 1382
16. ^ Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Ungureanu, Mădălina; Moruz, Alexandru et al., roPsalt: Re-evaluating the Sixteenth Century Romanian Psalters (aligned corpus), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. Ps 77:54
17. ^ a b Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2002), Noul dicționar explicativ al limbii române, București: Litera Internațional, p. s.v. urgie
18. ^ Academia Română (1965–2010), Dicționarul limbii române (DLR), serie nouă, tom I–XIX, București: Editura Academiei Române, p. s.v. urgie 2